TNPSC Physics Notes

ve;jputpay;

1.	nghUl;fspd; ,af;fk; my;yJ xa;T epiy gw;wpa mwptpay; gFjp ve;jputpay; vdg;gLk;
2.	ve;jputpaypd; ,U gphpTfs; ,af;ftpay; epiyapay;
3.	nghUl;fspd; xa;Tepiy rkepiyfisg; gw;wpa ve;jputpaypd; gphpT epiyapay;
4.	nghUnshd;wpy; kPJ tpir nray;gLk; NghJ tpirapd; jpirapy; nghUs; efh;e;jhy; tpirahy; Ntiy nra;ag;gl;lJ vdyhk;.
5.	tpirapdhy; nra;ag;gLk; Ntiy (W) = Fxs
6.	Ntiyf;fhd myF/Mw;wYf;fhd myF ([Py;)
7.	XU [Py; vd;gJ (1 epa+l;ld; X 1 kPl;lh;)
8.	XU [Py; vd;gJ (1 epa+l;ld; msTs;s tpir mjd; jpirapy; xU kPl;lh;/,lg;ngah;r;rpia cUthf;fpdhy; nra;ag;gl;l Ntiyapd; msT (1[Py;)
9.	Ntiy nra;ag;gLk; tpjk; jpwd; vdg;gLk;
10.	jpwd; Ntiy / fhyk;
11.	jpwdpd; myF thl; MFk;
12.	XU nrfz;L Neuj;jpy; nra;ag;gLk; Ntiy xU [Py; vdpy; mjdhy; ntspg;gLk; jpwd; fpNyhthl; vd;w myfhy; Fwpf;fg;gLk;
13.	XU fpNyhthl; vd;gJ 1000 thl;
14.	kpd; jpwdpd; myF (fpNyhthl; kzp / 1 a+dpl;)
15.	ve;jpuq;fspd; jpwdpd; myF (Fjpiuj; jpwd; H.P.)
16.	XU Fjpiuj; jpwd; (H.P.) = 746 thl;
17.	XU nghUspdhy; nra;a ,aYk; Ntiyapd; msT Mw;wy; MFk;
18.	Ntiyapd; / Mw;wy; myF [_y;
19.	Mw;wy; gy tbtq;fspy; cs;sd.
20.	Mw;wy; tbtq;fspy; (tiffspy;) xd;W (ve;jpu Mw;wy;/xsp Mw;wy;/mZ Mw;wy;tjp Mw;wy;/ntg;g Mw;wy;kpd; Mw;wy;
21.	ve;jpu Mw;wypd; ,U ngUk;gphpTfs; xd;W (epiyahw;wy;/,af;f Mw;wy;)
22.	XU nghUs; jd;Dila epiyapdhy; ngw;Ws;s Mw;wy; epiyahw;wy;
23.	epiyahw;wYf;F xU vLj;Jf;fhl;L (cauj;jpy; Njf;fp itf;fg;gl;Ls;s ePh;/KWf;fpsplg;gll RUs;tpy; / jiuf;F Nky; caNu cs;s nghUs; ; / cah;j;jg;gl;l Rj;jpay;
24.	epiyahw;wy; = nghUspd; vil X Gtpg;gug;gpw;F NkNyAs;s cauk;
25.	epiyahw;wy; = mgh [Py;
26.	nghUspd; vil = epiw (m) X Gtp<h;g;G KLf;fk; (g)
27.	xU nghUs; mjd; ,af;fj;jpdhy; ngw;Ws;s Mw;wy; (,yf;f Mw;wy;)
28.	,af;f Mw;wYf;fhd tha;g;ghL ½ mv2 [Py; MFk;.
29.	xU nghUspd; ,af;f Mw;wyhdJ. ,tw;iwg; nghWj;jJ. epiw kw;Wk; jpir Ntfj;ij
30.	efUk; nghUs; xd;wpd; Ntfk; mjd; njhlf;f kjpg;igg; Nghy; mU klq;fshy; mjd; ,af;f Mw;wy; ehd;F klq;fhf mjpfhpf;fpwJ.
31.	kpd; Nkhl;lhhpy; kpd;dhw;wy; ve;jpu Mw;wy; Mf khWfpwJ.
32.	ildNkhdpy; I ve;jpu Mw;wy; kpd;dhw;wyhf khWfpwJ.
33.	ikf;NuhNghdpy; xyp Mw;wy; kpd;dhw;wyhf khWfpwJ.
34.	kpd; fyq;fspy; Ntjp Mw;wy; kpd;dhw;wyhf khWfpwJ.
35.	kpd;dpio tpsf;fpy; kpd; Mw;wy; xsp Mw;wyhf khWfpwJ.
36.	xU kpd;dpio tpsf;fpy; kpd;dhw;wuhd Kjypy; ntg;g Mw;wy; MfTk;, gpd;G xsp Mw;wy; MfTk; khWfpwJ.
37.	Mw;wy; khw;wj;jpd; NghJ Mw;wypy; $LjNyh my;yJ ,og;Ngh Vw;gLtjpy;iy.
38.	fhw;wpy; ,aq;Fk; fy;nyhd;W ,t;thw;wiyg; ngw;Ws;sJ. (xU gFjp ,af;f Mw;wy; xU gFjp epiy Mw;wy;;)
39.	Mw;wiy Mf;fNth mopf;fNth KbahJ.
40.	nghUspd; mikjp epiyiaNah my;yJ mjd; rPuhd ,af;f epiyiaNah khw;Wfpd;w my;yJ khw;w KaYfpd;w nray; tpir vdg;gLk;
41.	tpirapd; myF epa+l;ld; MFk;
42.	nghUnshd;wpd; kPJ ,uz;L my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l tpirfs; nray;gLk; NghJ nghUspd; rkepiyia gw;wp mwpAk; gphpT epiyapay; MFk;.
43.	Gtpg;gug;gpw;F NkNy cauj;jpy; Xa;T epiyapy; cs;s xU nghUspd; jpir Ntfk; (Rop / G+[;ak;)
44.	Gtpg;gug;gpw;F NkNy cauj;jpy; Xa;T epiyapy; mjd; ,af;f Mw;wy; (Rop / G+[;ak;) 2. epiy Mw;wy; (mgh [Py;)
45.	nghUnshd;W Gtpg;gug;igj; njhLk; NghJ mjd; 1. ,af;f Mw;wy; (mgh [Py;) 2. epiy Mw;wy; (Rop / G+[;ak;)
46.	xU nghUspd; nkhj;j Mw;wy; vg;NghJk; khwhky; ,Uf;Fk;
47.	nghUnshd;wpd; kPJ ,uz;L my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l tpirfs; nray;gLk; NghJ mNj tpisit Vw;gLj;Jk; xNu tpir njhFgad; vdg;gLk;.
48.	tpirfs; nray;gLk; ghijfs; xd;Wf;nfhd;W ,izahf mike;jhy; mit ,iz tpirfs; vdg;gLk;.
49.	,iz tpirfs; ,uz;L tifg;gLk;.
50.	,iz tpirfspd; ,U tiffSs; xd;W (xj;j ,iz tpirfs; khWgl;l ,iz tpirfs;)
51.	,uz;L ,iz tpirfs; xNu jpirapy; nray;gLkhdhy; mit xj;j ,iz tpirfs;
52.	xj;j ,iz tpirfspd; njhFgad; (R) P+Q / ,U ,iz tpirfspd; $Ljy;
53.	vjph;vjph; jpirapy; nray;gLk; ,U ,iz tpirfs; khWgl;l ,iz tpirfs;
54.	khWgl;l ,iz tpirfspd; njhFgad; (R) P-Q / ,U ,iz tpirfspd; NtWghL
55.	,uz;L rkkhd khWgl;l ,iz tpirfs; xNu Gs;spapy; nray;glhjNghJ ,ul;il cUthfpwJ.
56.	,U rkkhd khWgl;l ,iztpirfs; nray;gLk;NghJ njhFg;gad; Njhd;WtJ ,y;iy.
57.	,ul;ilapd; nraYf;F xU vLj;Jf;fhl;L jUf. (Fohiaj; jpUg;Gjy; / ghl;by; Kbit ,Wf%Ljy/G+l;Lf;Fs; itj;J rhtpiaj; jpUg;Gjy; / Nkhl;lhh; fhhpd; ];bahpq; jpUg;Gjy;)
58.	nghUnshd;wpd; kPJ tpir nray;gLk; NghJ mjd; mr;irg; gw;wp Royf; $ba Row;W tpisT jpUg;Gj;jpwd; vdg;gLk;.
59.	XU jpUg;Gspiag; gad;gLj;Jk; NghJ (,U rkkhd vjph; vjpuhd ,iz tpirfs; jpUg;Gspia xNu jpirapy; ,aq;Ffpd;wd.)
60.	XU fjit mjd; fPy; gFjpapy; tpiriar; nrYj;jp jpwf;Fk; NghJ tpidapd; jpUg;Gj; jpwd; kjpg;G ngUk;
61.	nghUnshd;wpd; kPJ nray;gLk; tpir, mjd; jpirapy; nghUis Kd;Nehf;fp efh;j;j KaYtJ ,lg;ngah;r;rp ,af;fk; vdg;gLk;.
62.	tpirapd; jpUg;Gj;jpwd; vd;gJ tpirapd; vz; kjpg;igAk;, mr;Rf;Fk; tpir nray;gLk; Gs;spf;Fk; ,ilNa cs;s nrq;Fj;Jj; njhifiaAk; ngUf;fp te;j ngUf;fw; gyDf;F rkk;.
63.	tpirapd; jpUg;Gj;jpwid fow;W tpisT vd;fpNwhk;.
64.	jpUg;Gj;jpwd; = Fxd
65.	jpUg;Gj;jpwdpd; myF epa+l;ld; kPl;lh; / NM
66.	jpUg;Gj;jpwdpd; jj;Jtk (,lQ;Rop jpUg;Gj;jpwd;fspd; $l;Lj;njhif = tyQ;Rop jpUg;Gj;jpwd;fspd; $l;Lj;njhif my;yJ mtdt+m2d2= m3d3+m4d4)
67.	xU Fwpg;gpl;l Gs;spapy; jpirapy; nray;gLk; xU tpiria mjd; kjpg;G my;yJ jpir my;yJ ,uz;ilANk khw;wp NtnwhU Gs;spapy; fpilf;FkhW nra;Ak; mikg;G vspa ve;jpuk;
68.	vspa ve;jpuq;fSf;F vLj;Jf;fhl;L (nek;GNfhy; / fg;gp /rf;fuKk; ,Ufk; / rha;jsk; /jpUF /Mg;G /Nkhl;lhh; fhh; [hf;fp)
69.	ve;jpuk; nray;gl mjd; kPJ nray;gLk; tpiria jpwd; (P) Kaw;rp vd;fpNwhk;.
70.	ve;jpuj;jhy; ntw;wp nfhs;sg;gLk; tpiria gS (W) / jil vd;fpNwhk;;
71.	jpwd; gSit (vilia) <L nra;Ak; NghJ me;j gSTf;Fk; jpwDf;Fk; cs;s tpfpjk; vspa ve;jpuj;jpd; ve;jpu yhgk; MFk;
72.	fjnthd;W mjd; ifg;gpbiag; gw;wp jpwg;gJ mjd; fPo; gFjpiag; gw;wp jpwg;gij tpl vspJ Vnddpy; mq;F (tpirapd; jpUg;Gj;jpwd; mjpfk;)
73.	vspa ve;jpuj;jpd; ve;jpuyhgk; gS / jpwd; my;yJ (W/P)
74.	jpwd; nray;gLk; Gs;sp efUk; njhiytpw;Fk; gS nray;gLk; Gs;sp efUk; njhiytpw;Fk; cs;s tpfpjk; xU vspa ve;jpuj;jpd; jpirNtf tpfpjk; vdg;gLk;.
75.	XU yl;rpa ve;jpuj;jpy; nra;ag;gLk; Ntiyf;Fk; ve;jpuj;jpd; kPJ nray;gLk; Ntiyf;Fk; cs;s jfT mjd; gaDWjpwd; MFk;.
76.	ve;jpu yhgk; X 100 (gaDWjpwd;)/jpirNtf tpfpjk;
77.	xU yl;rpa ve;jpuj;jpy; cuha;T vd;gNj ,y;iy.
78.	yl;rpa ve;jpuj;jpd; gaDW jpwd; xd;W MFk;.
79.	cuha;T cs;s (tof;fj;jpy; cs;s) ve;jpuj;jpd; ve;jpuyhgk; jpirNtf tpfpjj;ij tpl FiwT MFk;.
80.	tof;fj;jpy; cs;s ve;jpuk; xd;wpd; gaDWjpwd; ahJ? xd;iwtplf;FiwT
81.	gaDW jpwid nghJthf ,t;thW $WtJ tof;fk; rjtpfpjkhff;
82.	ve;jpuyhgj;jpw;Fk;, jpirNtf tpfpjj;jpw;Fk; ,ilNa cs;s jfT
83.	[Py; vd;gjd; FwpaPL (J) epa+l;ld; (N), thl; vd (W), nfy;tpd; myfpd; FwpaPL (k) , n`h;l;]; (H2),n`d;wp (H), Mk;gpahd; (A)
	,af;fk;
84.	Neuj;ijg; nghWj;J xU nghUspd; epiyapy; Vw;gLk; njhlh;r;rpahd khw;wNk ,af;fk; vdg;gLk;
85.	jpirapyp msTU vz; kjpg;ig kl;Lk; ngw;W ,Uf;Fk; msTfSf;F jpirapyp my;yJ ];Nfyhh; vd;W ngah;. (v.fh) ePsk;, epiw, Neuk; , ntg;gepiy, Nfhzk;
86.	jpir msTU vz;kjpg;igAk;, jpir gz;igAk; ngw;wpUf;Fk; msTUfs; (v.fh) ,lg;ngah;r;rp, jpirNtfk; , KLf;fk, tpir, ce;jk; vil Nghd;witfshFk;. t. vz; njhiyT ,lg;ngah;r;rp 1. nghUs; fle;j ghijapd; nkhj;jePsk; Fwpg;gpl;l jpirapy; xU nghUs; Neh;f;Nfhl;Lg; ghijapy; fle;j kpf Fiwe;j ePsk; 2. jpirapyp msTU MFk;. jpir msTU 3. njhiyT - Ntfk; X Neuk; ,lg;ngah;r;rp - jpirNtfk; X Neuk; 4. ghijiag; nghWj;J khWgLk;. ghijiag; nghWj;J khWtjpy;iy.
87.	rPuhd jpirNtfk;: xU nghUs; rk Neu ,ilntspfspy;, rk ,lg;ngah;r;rpfis miltJ rPuhd jpirNtfk; vdg;gLk;. fhyk; khWk; NghJ ,lg;ngah;r;rpAk; rPuhf khWjy; rPuhd jpirNtfk; MFk;.
88.	t. vz; Ntfk; jpirNtfk; 1. XU tpdhbapy; nghUs; fle;j njhiyT XU tpdhbapy; nghUs; mile;j ,lg;ngah;r;rp 2. Ntfk; = fle;j njhiyT/Neuk; jpirNtfk; = ,lg;ngah;r;rp/ Neuk; 3. jpirapyp msTU jpir msTU 4. Fwpg;gpl;l jpir ,y;iy. ,lg;ngah;r;rpapd; jpirNa MFk;.
89.	KLf;fk; xU tpdhb Neuj;jpy; xU nghUspd; jpir Ntfj;jpy; Vw;gLk; khw;wk; KLf;fk; vdg;gLk; KLf;fk; = jpirNtfkhw;wk;/Neuk;
90.	rPuhd KLf;fk; : xU nghUspd; jpir Ntfk; njhlh;eJ rPuhf mjpfhpj;Jf; nfhz;bUe;jhy; mJ rPuhd KLf;fk;.
91.	S = ut + ½ at2 rkd;ghl;bYs;s jpir msTUf;fisg; gl;baypLf. S= fle;j njhiyT - jpir msTU U= njhlf;f jpirNtfk; - jpir msTU T = Neuk; - jpir msTU A =KLf;fk; - jpir msTU
92.	Gtp <h;g;G KLf;fk; Gtp <h;g;G tpirapdhy; xU nghUs; milAk; KLf;fk; Gtp<h;g;G KLf;fk; ,jd; kjpg;G = 9.81 kP.tp-2
93.	nghUspd; gy;NtW tif ,af;fq;fs; : jd;dpr;irahd ,af;fk;: xU nghUs; ntt;NtW Ntfj;Jld;, ntt;NtW jpirapy; ,aq;FtJ jd;dpr;irahd ,af;fk; MFk;. v.fh. fhw;wpy; guTk; CJgj;jpapd; Gif ,lg;ngah;r;rp ,af;fk;: xU nghUs; Fwpf;fg;gl;l ,lj;jpypUe;J Fwpg;gpl;l Ntfj;Jld; ,aq;FtJ ,lg;ngah;r;rp MFk;. v.fh. Jg;ghf;fpapypUe;J tpiuAk; Fz;L. Row;rp ,af;fk;: xU nghUs; Xh;mr;irg; gw;wp RoYkhdhy;, mt;tpaf;fk; Row;rp ,af;fk; MFk;. v.fh: RoYk; gk;guk;. mjph;T my;yJ miyT ,af;fk;: xU nghUs; xU Gs;spiaf; nfhz;L Kd;Dk; gpd;Dk; rPuhf ,aq;FtJ miyT ,af;fk; MFk;. v.fh. CQ;ry,; Cry; fbfhuk;.
94.	jpir, jpirapyp msTWf;fs; NtWghL t.vz; jpirapyp msTUf;fs; jpir msTUf;fs; 1. vz; kjpg;ig kl;Lk; ngw;wpUf;Fk;. vz; kjpg;igAk; jpirg; gz;igAk; ngw;wpUf;Fk;. 2. ];Nfyhh; msTUf;fs; ntf;lhh; msTUf;fs; 3. epiw> ePsk;> Neuk;> ntg;gepiy> Nfhzk;> gug;G> gUkd;> mlh;j;jp> Ntiy Nghd;wit jpirapyp. ,lg;ngah;r;rp> jpirNtfk;> KLf;fk;> tpir> ce;jk;> vil> Nghd;wit jpir msTUf;fs; MFk;. 4. jpir gz;gpd;wp> vz; kjpg;ig kl;LNk nfhz;L ,Ug;gjhy; Ntfk; xU jpirapyp msTU ,lg;ngah;r;rp jpirfisAk;> vz; kjpg;igAk; ngw;wpUg;gjhy; jpir msTU. 5. myF kP.tp4 myF kP.tp.1
	epA+l;ldpd; ,af;f tpjpfs; :
95.	,aq;fpf; nfhz;bUf;Fk; Ng&e;jpypUe;J ,wq;ff; $lhJ. Vd;? vdNt> Xbf; nfhz;bUf;Fk; Ng&e;jpypUe;J ,wq;fpdhy;> ehk; fPNo tpOe;J tpLNthk;. vdNt> fPNo tpohky; ,Ug;gjw;F Ng&e;Jld; mNj jpirapy; rw;W J}uk; Xl Ntz;Lk;.
96.	epA+ldpd; Kjy; tpjpf;F xU vLj;Jf;fhl;L jUf. jdJ rPuhd ,af;fj;jpy; njhlh;e;J mNj epiyapy; ,Uf;Fk;. (v.fh) ntw;wpl tpz;ntspapy; ,aq;Fk; Nfhs;fs;> epyTfs;> nraw;if Nfhs;fs; MFk;.
97.	tpirapd; myF tiuaiw tpirapd; myF epA+l;ld; (M) vd;w myfpy; msf;fg;gLfpwJ.  xU fpNyhfpuhk; epiwAs;s xU nghUs; 1 kPtp2 KLf;fj;ij milAk;NghJ> mjd; kPJ nray;gLk; tpir (IN) xU epA+l;ld; MFk;.
98.	tpirf;Fk; KLf;fj;jpw;Fk; ,ilNaAs;s njhlh;G F = ma tpir = epiw x KLf;fk;            tpir KLf;fk; =            epiw
99.	xU nghUspd; ce;jk; : nghUspd; epiwiaAk; mjd; jpirNtfj;ijAk; ngUf;fp fpilg;gJ ce;jk; vdg;gLk;. epiw m vdTk;@ jpirNtfk; v vd nfhz;lhy; ce;jk; = “mv” MFk;.
100.	ce;jj;jpd; myF fp.fp.kP1
101.	XU nghUspd; epiw> jpirNtfk; ,tw;wpd; ngUf;fy; gyid vt;thW miof;fpNwhk;? XU nghUspd; epiw (m) > jpirNtfk; (v) ,tw;wpd; ngUf;fy;gyd; mg;nghUspd; ce;jk; m x v MFk;.
102.	n[l; tpkhdj;jpd; nray;ghL epA+l;ldpd; %d;whtJ ,af;ftpjpapd; jj;JtkhFk;. Xt;nthU tpidf;Fk; rkkhd vjph;tpid cz;L. n[l; tpkhdj;jpy; mjpf msT vjpnghUs; vhpAk; NghJ kpFe;j jpir Ntfj;jpy; mjpfkhd ce;jj;Jld; vhpe;j thAf;fs; ntspNaWfpd;wd. ntspNaWk; thAf;fspd; kPJ nray;gLk; tpir tpidahFk;. mt;tpidf;F rkkhd kw;Wk; vjph;tpirAld; n[l; tpkhdk; Kd;Ndhf;fp ghAk;.
103.	epA+l;ldpd; %d;whtJ tpjp Jg;ghf;fp> gPuq;fp Mfpait ntbf;Fk; NghJ Fz;L Kd;Ndhf;fpAk;> Jg;ghf;fp> gPuq;fp gpd;Ndhf;fpAk; js;sg;gLfpwJ. ,e;j epfo;T epA+l;ldpd; %d;whtJ tpjpia tpsq;FfpwJ.
104.	xUth; glfpypUe;J Fjpf;Fk; NghJ glF gpd;Ndhf;fpj; js;sg;gLtJ Vd;? ePhpy; kpjf;Fk; glfpypUe;J kdpjd; Fjpg;gJ tpidahFk;. glfpypUe;J Kd;Ndhf;fp Fjpf;Fk; nghJ glF gpd;Ndhf;fp js;sg;gLfpwJ. ,e;epfo;tpy; ,uz;L tpirfSk; ntt;NtW nghUs; kPJ nray;gLfpwJ. mit rkkhfTk;> vjph; vjph; jpirapYk; nray;gLfpd;wd.
105.	xU nghUspd; epiykg; gz;G vijg; nghWj;Js;sJ. xU nghUspd; gz;L mjd; epiwiag; nghWj;Js;sJ. Fiwe;j epiwAs;s nghUs; Fiwthd epiyaj;ijAk;> epiw kpFjpahf cs;s nghUspd; epiykk; mjpfkhfTk; fhzg;gLk;.
106.	jdp Crypd; tpjpfs; jdp Crypd; miyT Neuk;> Cry; Fz;L nra;ag;gl;Ls;s nghUisNah my;yJ Fz;bd; epiw kw;Wk; cUtj;ijNah nghUj;jjy;y. jdp Crypd; miyT Neuk; tPr;irg; nghWj;jjy;y. jdp Crypd; miyT Neuk; Crypd; ePsj;jpd; ,Ukb %yj;jpw;F Neh; jftpy; cs;sJ. T aÖ l jdp Crypd; miyT Neuk; Gtp<h;g;G KLf;fj;jpd; ,Ukb %yj;jpw;F vjph; jftpy; cs;sJ. T a l/Ög
107.	epiw kw;Wk; vil ,tw;wpw;fpilNaahd ,U NtWghLfs;. t. vz; epiw vil 1. gFg;nghUspd; msNt xU nghUspd; epiw MFk;. xU nghUspd; kPJ nray;gLk; <h;g;G tpirapd; msNt vil MFk;. 2. Nfhy; juhrpidf; nfhz;L gbj;ju epiwAld; xg;gpl;L epiw mstplg;gLfpwJ. tpy; juhrpidf; nfhz;L mstplg;gLfpwJ.
108.	tpdhb Cry; Crypd; ePsk; 0.995kP MfTk;> miyT Neuk; 2 tpdhbahfTk; ngw;Ws;s CryhFk;. mjhtJ xU Gwj;jpd; ngUk Gs;spapypUe;J kWGwj;jpd; ngUk Gs;spf;F miy vLj;Jf; nfhs;Sk; fhyk; xU tpdhb vdpy;> ,j;jifa Cry; tpdhb Cry; vdg;gLk;.
109.	epA+l;ldpd; Kjyhk; ,af;f tpjp Gwtpirnahd;W nray;gl;L mjd; epiyia khw;Wk;tiu ve;jnthU nghUSk; jdJ Xa;T epiyiaNah Neh;f;Nfhl;by; rPuhd ,af;f epiyiaNah khw;wpf; nfhs;shky; njhlh;e;J mNj epiyapy; ,Uf;Fk;. Kjy; $W : Nkirapd; kPJs;s xU Gj;jfk;> ahuhYk; efh;j;jg;glhjtiu mNj Xa;T epiyapy; njhlh;e;J ,Uf;Fk;. ,uz;lhk; $W : xU ghijapy; cUz;Nlhbf; nfhz;bUf;Fk; xU fy; rpwpJ J}uk; nrd;w gpd; epd;W tpLfpwJ. mNj ghijapy; milfpd;wd. ,jpypUe;J ntspg;Gw tpir vJTk; nray;glhj tiu ,aq;Fk; nghUspd; Ntfk; kw;Wk; jpir ,uz;Lk; khwhky; ,Uf;Fk;.
110.	epiykk; : xU nghUs; jd;dpr;irahfj; jhNd Xa;T epiyiaNah Neh;f;Nfhl;by; mike;j rPuhd ,af;f epiyiaNah khw;wpf; nfhs;s ,ayhJ jd;ik epiykk; vdg;gLk;.
111.	,af;f epiyapd; epiykk; : Ng&e;jpy; gazk; nra;J nfhz;bUf;Fk; NghJ jpBnud;W epWj;jg;gl;lhy;> gazpfs; Kd;dhy; js;sg;gl;L ,bj;Jf; nfhs;fpd;wdh;. ,jw;Ff; fhuzk; Ng&e;J ,aq;Fk; NghJ $lNt ekJ clYk; ,af;fj;jpy; cs;sJ. jpBnud fhuzk; Ng&e;J epWj;jg;gLk; NghJ ,af;fj;jpy; ,Ue;j ekJ cly; njhlh;e;J ,af;fj;jpy; ,Uf;f Kay;fpwJ. ,g;gz;Ng ,af;f epiyapd; epiykk;. jpirapd; epiykk; : xU Ng&e;J tisthd ghijapy; jpUk;Gk;NghJ gazpfs; tisTg;ghijapd; ikaj;ij tpl;L ntspNa nray;gLk; tpirapdhy; ntspNa js;sg;gLk; epiyia czUfpd;wdh;. xU jpirapy; ,aq;fpf; nfhz;bUf;Fk; xU nghUs; njhlh;e;J mNj jpirapy; ,aq;f Kay;tNj jpirapd; epiykk;.
112.	nghUspd; epiw kw;Wk; vil ,tw;wpilNa cs;s NtWghLfs; t. vz; epiw vil 1. gUg;nghUspd; msNt xU nghUspd; epiw MFk; XU nghUspd; kPJ nray;gLk; <h;g;G tpir msNt mjd; vilahFk;. 2. ,jd; myF fp.fp. ,jd; myF fp.fp. (m) epA+l;ld; 3. jpirapyp msTU jpir msTU 4. Nfhy; juhrpidf; nfhz;L mstplg;gLfpwJ. mz;lj;jpy; cs;s midj;J Nfhs;fspYk; epiwkhwhky; ,Uf;Fk;. tpy;juhrpidf; nfhz;L mstplg;gLfpwJ. <h;g;G tpir ntt;NtW Nfhs;fspy; ntt;Ntwhf ,Uf;Fk;. 5. Gtpapy; ,lk;> cauk; ,tw;iw nghWj;J khWtjpy;iy. Gtpapy; <h;g;Gtpir ,lk; cauk; Mfpatw;iw nghWj;J khWgLfpwJ.
113.	epA+l;ld; %d;whk; ,af;f epjp : xt;nthU tpidf;Fk; mjw;Fr; rkkhd vjph;tpid xd;W cz;L. tpid = - vjph;tpid vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfs; : Jg;ghf;fp> gPuq;fp ntbf;Fk; NghJ Fz;L tpirAld; Kd;Ndhf;fpj; js;sg;gLtJ - tpid. ,jw;Fr; rkkhd vjph;tpirAld; Fz;L Jg;ghf;fp> gPuq;fpiag; gpd;dhf;fp js;sg;gLtJ - vjph;tpid. ePhpy; ePe;Jgth; tpirAld; ePiug; gpd;Ndhf;fpj; js;Sfpwhh;. tpid> ePh; rkkhd vjph;tpirAld; ePe;Jgtiu Kd;Ndhf;fpj; js;SfpwJ. - vjph;tpid. Ntiy> jpwd;> Mw;wy;
114.	Ntiy : xU nghUspd; kPJ tpir nray;gl;L> mjdhy; tpir nray;gLk; Gs;sp efh;e;jhy; tpirapdhy; Ntiy nra;ag;gl;lJ vdg;gLk;. Ntiy = tpir x tpirapd; jpirapy; nghUspd; ,lg;ngah;r;rp W = FS Ntiyapd; myF epA+l;ld; kPl;lh; (m) [{y;
115.	F vd;w tpir xU nghUspd; kPJ nray;gl;L tpirapd; jpirapy; S vd;w ,lg;ngah;r;rp mile;jhy; nra;ag;gLk; Ntiy W =FS MFk;. Ntiy vd;gJ tpir kw;Wk; nghUspd; ,lg;ngah;r;rp Mfpatw;wpd; ngUf;fw;gydpw;F rkk;. 1. ,lg;ngah;r;rp tpirapd; jpirapy; mike;jhy;        W = F X S 2. ,lg;ngah;r;rp tpriapd; nrq;Fj;jhf mike;jhy;       W = F X O       W = O
116.	tpkhdj;jpd; kPJ nray;gLk; Gtp<h;g;G tpir fPo; Nehf;fpAk;> tpkhdj;jpd; ,lg;ngah;r;rp fpilkl;lj;jpYk; mikAk; NghJ> tpkhdj;jpd; kPJ GtpaPh;g;G tpirapdhy; nra;ag;gLk; Ntiyapd; kjpg;G ahJ? ,jpy; tpirAk; ,lg;ngah;r;rpAk; xd;Wf;nfhd;W nrq;Fj;J jpirapy; mikfpd;wd. Gtp<h;g;G tpirapd; jpirapy; ve;jnthU ,lg;ngah;r;rp ,y;iy.vdNt> tpkhdj;jpd; kPJ Gtp<h;g;G tpirapdhy; nra;ag;gLk; Ntiy RopahFk;. ,lg;ngah;r;rp> tpirapd; jpirf;F nrq;Fj;jhf mike;jhy; nra;ag;gLk; Ntiy W = F X O, W = O (RopahFk;)
117.	jpwd; : XuyF Neuj;jpy; nra;ag;gLk; Ntiy jpwd; MFk;. jpwdpd; myF vil (W)
118.	fPNo tpOk; nghUs; kPJ nray;gLk; fhw;Wj;jil nghUspd; tbtk;> msT> Ntfk; Mfpatw;iwg; nghUj;J. v.fh. vhpnghUisr; rpf;fdg;gLj;jTk;> jhdpaq;fs; fhw;Wj; jiliaf; Fiwf;fTk; tbtikf;fg;gLfpd;wd.