TNPSC History Notes

,e;jpa Rje;jpu Nghuhl;l tuyhW

,uhgh;l; fpist;

· ,e;jpahtpy; Mq;fpNyag; NguuRf;f mbf;fy; ehl;ba ,uhgh;l; fpist;> 1765-k; Mz;bypUe;J
tq;fhs MSeuhf gzpahw;wpdhh;.

· tq;fhs eph;thfj;ij rPh;gLj;j 1765 Mf];by; ,ul;il murhq;f Kiw (Dual Government)
vDk; GJKiwia GFj;jpdhh;.

thud; N`];bq;]; (1772 – 85)

·   ,th; fhyj;jpy; jhd; ,q;fpyhe;J ehlhSkd;wk; fk;ngdpapd; eph;thfj;ij rPh;gLj;j 1773-y;
Kjy; xOq;FKiwr; rl;lj;ij (Regulating Act) epiwNtw;wpaJ.
·   ,jd;gb tq;fhsj;jpd; fth;dh;. fth;dh; n[duy; vd miof;fg;gLthh;.
·   ,tUf;Fr; nrd;id Kk;ig MSeh;fs; fl;Lg;gl;lth;fs;
·   vdNt> tq;fhsj;jpd; Kjy; fth;dh; n[duy; thud; N`];bq;N] Mthh;.
·   tq;fhsj;jpy; epytpa ,ul;il Ml;rp Kiwia ePf;fpdhh;.
·   1772 –y; muRf; fUT+yj;ij Kh;\pjhghj;jpypUe;J fy;fj;jhtpw;F khw;wpdhh;.
·   ,e;j Mz;bypUe;Nj fy;fj;jh Mq;fpNya ,e;jpahtpd; jiyefukhapw;W.
·   Nuhfpy;yh Nghh; (1774) Kjy; kuhj;jpa Nghh; (1775 – 82) ,uz;lhk; ik#h; Nghh; (1780 –

84) Kjypad epfo;e;jd.

fhud;thyp]; gpuG (1786 – 93)

·   epiyahd epythp rPh;jpUj;jj;ij tq;fhsj;jpy; mwpKfg;gLj;jpdhh;.
·   ,tNu ,e;jpa Ml;rpg; gzpapd; je;ij vd miof;fg;gLfpwhh;.
·   ,tuJ fhyj;jpy; %d;whtJ ik#h; NghUk;> ,Wjpapy; =uq;fg;gl;ld cld;gbf;ifAk; -
1792 – Vw;gl;lJ.
·   ,th; ePjpj;Jiwia eph;thfj;JiwapypUe;J gphpj;jhh;.

rh; [hd; Nrhh; (1713 – 98)

nty;ny];yp gpuG (1798 – 1805)
·   Jizg;gilj;jpl;lj;ij nfhz;L te;jhh;.
·   ,j;Jizg;gilj; jpl;lj;ij 1798-y; i`juhghj; Kjd; Kjypy; Vw;Wf; nfhz;lJ.
·   ,tuJ fhyj;jpy; 4tJ ik#h; Nghh; (1799)> 2tJ kuhj;jpag; Nghh; (1803) eilngw;wJ.
·   fth;dh; n[duy;fspy; ,tNu tq;fhs rpWj;ij vdg;gLfpwhh;.
·   nrd;id kfhzk; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.

[hh;[; ghh;Nyh (1805-07)

· ,tuJ fhyj;jpy; NtY}h;f;fyfk; 1806-y; Vw;gl;lJ.

kpz;Nlh gpuG (1805 – 07)

· uQ;rpj; rpq;Fld; mkph;jru]; cld;gbf;if Vw;gl;lJ.

N`];bq;]; gpuG (1813 – 23)

· gk;gha; khfhzk; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.
· 1820–y; nrd;id khfhzj;jpy; uaj;Jthhp Kiw jhk]; kd;Nuhthy; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.

tpy;ypak; ngz;bq;]; gpuG (1828 – 35)

·   NtY}h; rpg;gha; fyfj;jpd; NghJ nrd;idapd; MSeh;
·   eyk; jUk; rpy rPh;jpUj;jq;fisf; nfhz;l te;jtuhf ,e;jpa tuyhw;wpy; jpfo;fpwhh;.
cld;fl;il VWjy; vDk; rjpia xopf;f 1829 – y; rl;lk; ,aw;wpdhh; jf;fh;fs;.
·   (Thugs) vdg;gLk; nfhs;isf; $l;lj;jpdiu rpyPkd; vd;gtiu epakpj;J xopj;jhh;. ngz;rpRf;
nfhiyia (Female infanticide) rl;lg;gb Fw;wkhf;fpdhh;. kjk; khwpath;fSf;F nrhj;jpy;
chpik cz;L vd;W thhpRhpikr; rl;lj;jpy; khWjy; nfhz;L te;jhh;.
·   ,tuJ fhyj;jpy; nkf;fhNyapd; Kaw;rpahy; 1835> khh;r; 17 md;W Mq;fpyk; Ml;rp
nkhopahfTk;> gapw;rp nkhopahfTk; khwpaJ.
·   1829-y; Rw;WKiw ePjpkd;wq;fis (Circuit Courts) xopj;jhh;.
·   ePjpkd;w nkhopahd ghurPfj;ij (Persian) xopj;J me;je;j khepyq;fspd; nkhopia ePjpkd;w

nkhopahf;fpdhh;.

vy;yd;gNuh gpuG – 1842 – 44

·   mbik Kiwia xopj;jhh;
·   rpe;J ,e;jpahTld; ,izf;fg;gl;lJ.
`hh;bQ;r; gpuG  – 1844 – 48
·   KjyhtJ rPf;fpa NghUk;> yh$h; cld;gbf;ifAk; Vw;gl;lJ.
·   kdpj eugyp gof;fj;ij xopj;jhh;.
ly;n`srp gpuG  – 1848 – 56
·   Mq;fpNya murpd; gug;ig tphpar; nra;jth;fspy; ,th; rpwg;ghd ,lj;ijg; ngWfpwhh;.
·   thhpR ,og;Gf; nfhs;ifia (Doctrine of Lapse) nfhz;L te;jhh;. ,jd;gb tzpf ,oe;j
Kjy; muR rjhuh MFk;.
·    gilapd; jiyikaplk; rpk;yhtpw;F khw;wg;gl;lJ.
·   ,uz;lhk; rPf;fpag; Nghuhy; (1848-49) gQ;rhg; ,izf;fg;gl;lJ.
·   ,e;jpahtpy; ,uapy; Nghf;Ftuj;ij Vw;gLj;jpath; ly;n`srpNa Mthh;. mtuJ
Kaw;rpahy; 1853-y; gk;gha; Kjy; jhNdTf;Fk; 1855-y; n`suh Kjy; ,uhzpfQ;r;
tiuapYk; 1856-y; nrd;id Kjy; muf;Nfhzk; tiuapYk; ,Ug;Gg; ghijfs;
Nghlg;gl;ld.
·   mQ;ry; Kiwapy; cs;s FiwghLfis Nghf;fpdhh;. fbjq;fSf;F Kd; jghy; tpy;iyfs;
(Stamp) xl;Lk; Kiwia nfhz;L te;jhh;.
·   1854-y; fy;fj;jh Kjy; Mf;uh tiu je;jp mDg;Gk; Kiwiaf; nfhz;L te;jhh;.
·   nghJg;gzpj;Jiwia (PWD) jdpahf cUthf;fpdhh;.
·   1854y; cl;]; mwpf;ifapd; gb khepyq;fspy; fy;tpj;Jiwia cUthf;fpdhh;.
·   &h;f;fpapy; nghwpapay; fy;Y}hp mikj;J njhopy; El;gf; fy;tpapd; je;ij vDk; ngah;
ngw;whh;.
·   njhy; nghUs; Jiw (Archacology Dept) cUthf;fpdhh;.
·   tpjit kWkzr; rl;lk; 1856-y; nfhz;Ltug;gl;lJ.

Nfdpq; gpuG – 1856

· 1857 rpg;gha; fyfj;jpd; NghJ ,e;jpahtpd; fth;dh; n[duyhf ,Ue;jth;.
· ,tuJ fhyj;jpy; jhd; fy;fj;jh> nrd;id> gk;gha; efuq;fspy; 1857-y; gy;fiyf;fofk;

Jtq;fg;gl;lJ.

· Gul;rp Kbe;jgpd; tpf;Nlhhpah uhzpapd; mwpf;if 1858-y; ntspahdJ. ,jd;gb fth;dh;
n[duy; vDk; gjtp ngah;khw;wk; nra;ag;gl;lJ. mtuJ Neub Ml;rpj;Jiw fl;Lg;ghlby;
,Ue;j gFjpfspy; mth; fth;dh; n[duy; vdTk; ,e;jpa muRfSldhd cwT Kiwapy;
itrpuha vdTk; miof;fg;gl tif nra;ag;gl;lJ. ,jd;gb ,e;jpahtpd; kjy; itrpuha;
Nfdpq; gpuG Mthh;.

[hd; yhud;]; - 1864 - 69

·   cah;ePjpkd;wq;fs; (High Courts) 1865-y; cUthf;fg;gl;ld.
NkNah gpuG
·   Ntshz;ik> tzpftpay; Jiwfs; cUthf;fg;gl;ld.
·   me;jkhdpy; Fw;wthsp xUtuhy; nfhy;yg;gl;lhh;.

ypl;ld; gpuG – 1876 – 80

· tpf;Nlhhpah uhzp tUifapd; NghJ Mlk;gu nly;yp jh;ghiu elj;jpdhh;.
· jha;nkhop gj;jphpf;ifr; rl;lk;> MAjr; rl;lk; Kjypatw;iw nfhz;L te;J ,e;jpah;fSf;F

jPq;fpioj;jhh;.

·   gQrq;fis jLg;gjw;fhf Kjd; Kjyhf rh; hpr;rh;L ];l;uhrp jiyikapy; FO xd;iw
mikj;jhh;.
hpg;gd; gpuG  1880 – 84
·   hpg;gd; fhyj;jpy; Kjd; Kjyhf xOq;fhd kf;fs; njhif fzf;nfLg;G (1881)
eilngw;wJ.
·   jha;nkhop gj;jphpf;ifr; rl;lj;ij ePf;fp gj;jphpf;if Rje;jpuk; mspj;jhh;.
·   cs;shl;rp murhq;fq;fspd; tsh;r;rpf;F kpf Kf;fpag;gq;F tfpj;jhh;.
·   Kjy; fk;ngdpr; rl;lk; (First Factory Act of 1881) epiwNtw;wg;gl;lJ.

· nghJ Copaj;jpy; jpwikNa Kf;fpa ,dky;y vDk; cz;ikia czh;j;Jk; tifapy; mike;jJ. ,y;gh;l; kNrhjh mk;kNrhjhit INuhg;gpah; fLikahf vjph;j;jjhy; hpg;gd; gpuG mjpy; rpy khw;wq;fisr; nra;jhh;. ,J mk;kNrhjhtpd; Nehf;fj;ijNa kPwpajhy; kf;fs;

nfhjpg;gile;jdh;.

lg;gd; gpuG  1884 – 88
·   ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu]; mikf;fg;gl;lNghJ itrpuhahf ,Ue;jth;.
·   %d;whtJ gh;kpa Nghh; eilngw;wJ.
yhz;l;];nldd; gpuG
·   gphpl;b\; ,e;jpahTf;Fk;> Mg;fhdp];jhDf;Fk; ,ilNa Luhd;l; NfhL (Durand line)
tiuag;gl;lJ.

fh;rd; gpuG – 1899 – 1905

·   tq;fg;gphptpidia nray;gLj;jpath;
·   uhNy fy;tpf;FO mikj;J mjdbg;gilapy; ,e;jpag; gy;fiyr; rl;lj;ij nfhz;L
te;jhh;.
·   gPfhhpYs;s G+rhtpy; (PUSA) Ntshz; Muha;r;rp epiyaj;ij mikj;jhh;.
·   goq;fhy epidTr; rpd;dq;fs; ghJfhg;G rl;lj;ij 1904-y; (Ancient Monuments Preservation

Act) nfhz;L te;jhh;.

kpz;Nlh II gpuG – 1905 – 10
·   #uj; gpsT Vw;gl;l NghJ itrpuhahf ,Ue;jth;.
·   K];yPk; yPf; 1906 –y; Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;lJ.
·   kpd;Nlh-khh;yp rPh;j;jpUj;jk; 1909-y; te;jJ.

`hh;bQ;r; II gpuG – 1910 – 16

·   tq;fg; gphptpid ,uj;J nra;ag;gl;lJ
·   jiyefuk; fy;fj;jhtpypUe;J nly;ypf;F 1911-y; khw;wg;gl;lJ.
nrk;];Nghh;L gpuG  – 1916 – 21
·   khz;NlkF gpuGtpd; Mf];L mwptpg;G 1917-y; ntspaplg;gl;lJ.
·   G+dhtpy; ngz;fSf;fhd gy;fiyf;fofk; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
·   [hypad; thyhghf; gLnfhiyapd; NghJ itrpuhahf ,Ue;jth;.
·   gPfhhpd; nyg;lndd;l; fth;duhf S.P rpd;fh epakpf;fg;gl;lhh;. ,g;gjtpiag; ngw;w Kjy;
,e;jpah; ,tNu.
hPbq; gpuG – 1921 – 26
·   nusyl; rl;lk; ,uj;J nra;ag;gl;lJ.
·   1992-ypUe;J ,e;jpa nghJg;gzpf;fhd Njh;T ,e;jpahtpYk;> yz;ldpYk; xNu rkaj;jpy;

elj;jg;gl;lJ.

,h;tpd; gpuG  – 1926 – 31
·   irkd; fkp\d; epakpf;fg;gl;lJ.
·   ,e;jpahTf;F nlhkpdpad; jFjp toq;fg;gLk; vDk; jPghtsp mwptpg;G (Deepavali

Declaration) 1929 ntspaplg;gl;lJ.

· fhe;jp - ,h;tpd; xg;ge;jk; 1931-y; Vw;gl;lJ.
nty;ypq;ld; gpuG  – 1931 – 36
· fhe;jp - ,h;tpd; xg;ge;jj;ij kPwp gym lf;FKiwfisf; ifahz;lhh;.
· 1932-y; tFg;Gthjjl; jPh;T uhk;Nr nkf;nlhdhy;L vd;gtuhy; ,aw;wg;gl;lJ.
· fhe;jp vuthlh rpiwapy; cz;lhtpujk; ,Ue;j NghJ itrpuhahf ,Ue;jhh;.
· ,e;jpahtpypUe;J gh;kh gphpf;fg;gl;lJ.
ypd;ypj;Nfh gpuG  – 1936 – 43
· ypd;ypj;Nfh ,e;jpah;fspd; Mjuitg; ngw Mf];L nfhilia ntspapl;lhh;.
· 2-k; cyfg;Nghh; Jtq;fpa NghJ ,Ue;j ,e;jpa itrpuha;.
· fphpg;]; J}Jf;FO (Crips Mission) 1942-y; ,e;jpahTf;F te;jJ.
· nts;isaNd ntspNaW ,af;fk; eilngw;wNghJ ,th; itrpuhahf ,Ue;jhh;.
Ntty; gpuG – 1943 – 47
· Ntty; jpl;lk; 25 [{d; 1945-y; mwptpf;fg;gl;lJ.
· Ntty; gpuG  ,e;jpag; gpur;ridf;F jPh;Tfhz rpk;yhtpy; khehl;il $l;bdhh;.
· JNA tof;fpd; NghJk;> 1946-y; fg;gy;gil fyfj;jpd; NghJk; itrpuhahf ,Ue;jhh;.
· mikr;ruit J}Jf;FO ,th; fhyj;jpy;jhd; ,e;jpah te;jJ.
· ,ilf;fhy murhq;fk; 2 nrg;lk;gh; 1946 md;W NeU jiyikapy; mikf;fg;gl;lJ.
rp. uh[Nfhghyr;rhhp
· Kjy; ,e;jpa fth;dh; n[duy;
· ,e;jpahtpd; filrp fth;dh; n[duy;
· ,g;gjtpia 1948 [{dpypUe;J 1950 [dthp 26 tiu tfpj;jhh;.
r%f rPh;j;jpUj;jq;fs;
1. rpRf;nfhiy jLj;jy; :
· ,uh[Gj;jpuh;fs; [hl;rd;> Nkthl;fs; MfpNahh; tho;e;j Nkw;F kj;jpa ,e;jpahtpYk;>

cj;jpug;gpuNjrj;jpYk; ,sk;gps;isfs; Fwpg;ghf ngz;fs; gpwe;J tpl;lhy; mth;fis
nfhd;WtpLk; gof;fk; ,Ue;jJ.

· 1795-k; Mz;L ,aw;wg;gl;l 21tJ tq;fhs xOq;FKiwr; rl;lk; %yk; ,sk;gps;isfis
nfhy;gth;fs; nfhiyfhuh;fs; vd;W jz;bf;fg;gLthh;fs; vdf; $wg;gl;lJ.
· ,jw;nfd Kaw;rpj;j Mq;fpy mjpfhhpfs; tpy;fpd;rd;> N[f;fg;> Nky;tpy;Ny KjyhNdhh;

Mth;.

2. mbik Kiw xopg;G
· Nfhapy;fSf;F ngz;fis nfhLj;JtpLk; tof;fk;. rKjhaj;jpy; ,Ue;jJ.
· ,th;fs; Njtubahs; vdg;gl;ldh;. tWikapd; fhuzkhfTk;>
· Foe;ijfis tpw;gJk; cz;L. fy;fj;jh efuk; mbik tpahghu re;ijf; $lkhf
tpsq;fpaJ.
· 1789-y; fhud;thyp]; nfhz;L te;j rl;lj;jpd;gb rpWth; ,isQh;fis ,jpy;
gad;gLj;Jtij jil nra;ag;gl;lJ.
3. eugyp xopg;G
· xhprhtpy; Nfhz;l;];> ePyfphp Njhlh;fsplk; ,g;gof;fk; eilKiwapy; ,Ue;jJ.
· `hh;bQ;r; gpuG fhyj;jpy; Kjd; Kjyhf ,f;nfhba gof;fj;jpw;F Kw;Wg;Gs;sp
itf;fg;gl;lJ.
4. ngz;fs; Kd;Ndw;wk; :
· Gyjhuj; jpUkz Kiw (Polygamy) ngz;fSf;F nra;ag;gLk mePjp vd;W ,uh[huhk;
Nkhfd;uha; Kjd; Kjypy; Fuy; nfhLj;jhh;. ,tiuj; njhlh;e;J <];tu re;jpu tpj;ahrhfh;
gyjhuj; jpUkzj;ij vjph;j;jNjhL Foe;ijj; jpUkzj;ijAk; vjph;j;jhh;.
· 1856k; Mz;L tpjitfs; kWkzr; rl;lk; nfhz;L tu top nra;jhh;.
· 1872-k; Mz;L rl;lk; ehd;F Kf;fpa r%fr; rPh;j;jpUj;jq;fis nfhz;l te;jJ. Foe;ij
jpUkzj;ij (ghy;a tpthfk;) jil nra;jJ. gyjhu kzj;ij fz;bf;ff; $baJ vd
nra;jJ. tpjit jpUkzj;ij Mjhpj;jNjhL fyg;G jpUkzj;ijAk; xg;Gf; nfhz;lJ.
Nrfg; re;jpu nrd; Kaw;rpahy; ,r;rl;lk; epiwNtw;wg;gl;lJ.
· ghh;rp rPh;j;jpUj;j nrk;ky; gp.vk;.kyghhp Vw;gLj;jpa kf;fs; tpopg;Gzh;T fhuzkhf 1891k;

Mz;L rl;lj;jpy; ngz;zpd; jpUkz taJ 10ypUe;J 12Mf cash;j;jg;gl;lJ.

· 1030 –Mk; Mz;L nfhz;Ltug;gl;l rhujh rl;lk; (Sarada Act) %yk; ngz;Zf;F 14
taJk;> MZf;F 18 taJk; jpUkz taJfshf eph;zapf;fg;gl;lJ.
· 1896-y; b.Nf.fhh;Nt mth;fshy; G+dhtpy; ,e;J tpjitfs; jq;Fk; tpLjp rq;fk;
mikf;fg;gl;lJ.

· Mq;fpy muR Fwpg;ghf fpwp];Jt rq;fq;fs; ,e;jpahtpy; Nt&d;w Muk;gpj;jJk; ngz;fy;tp

Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngw;wJ. uhz;Nlapd; Kaw;rpahy; 1909-y; G+Ndh Nrth rjd;
Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ.

· 1875 Kjy; nrd;idapy; kUj;Jtf; fy;Y}happy; ngz;fSf;F ,lk; mspf;fg;gl;lJ. Kjy;
ngz; kUj;Jtuhf lhf;lh; Kj;Jnyl;Rkp nul;b tpsq;fpdhh;.
· 1917f;F gpwF ngz;fSf;F Xl;Lhpik mspf;fg;gl;lJ.
5. rjp xopg;G :

rjp (Sati) my;yJ cld;fl;il VWjy; vd;gJ r%fj;jpy; kpfg;nghpa nfhLikahf
,Ue;jJ. ,uh[huhk; Nkhfd;uha; Kaw;rpahy; 1829y; ngd;bq; gpuT cld;fl;il VWjy;
jlg;Gr; rl;lj;ijf; nfhz;L te;jhh;.

6. jf;fh;fis xopj;jy; :
jf;fh;fs vd;Nghh; ,e;jpah KOtJk; Rw;wpj;jphpe;j ehNlhb nfhs;is> nfhiyf;
$l;lj;jpdh; ngd;bq; gpuT fh;dy; ];yPkd; vd;gtiu jf;fh;fis mlf;Fk; gzpapy;
epakpj;jhh;.
3. r%f rka rPh;jpUj;j ,af;fq;fs;
1. gpuk;k rkh[k;

· 1828 Mf];L 20-k; ehs; ,uh[huhk; Nkhfd;uhahy; Jtf;fg;gl;lJ.

· 1830 [dthp 23 Kjy; Kiwg;gb nray;gl Muk;gpj;jJ. ,jDila cWg;gpdh;fs; gpuNkh];
(Brahmos) vdg;gl;ldh;. ,e;jpahtpy; xNu flTs; nfhs;ifia (One God society or monothelsm)
epiy ehl;LtNj mjd; Kf;fpa Nehf;fk; cUt topghL> gypapLjy; Nghd;wit jil
nra;ag;gl;ld. G+rhhp Nghd;w ,ilj;jufh;fSf;F ,jpy;; ,lkpy;iy.
· gpuk;krkh[k; uhapd; kuzk; fhuzkhf rpwpJ jsh;r;rp mile;jJ. ,jw;F Gj;Japh;
Cl;bath; NjNte;jpuehj; jh$h;. ,th; ,iwtid ve;j tbtj;jpy; Ntz;LkhdhYk;
topglyhk; vDk; fUj;jpidg; gug;gpdhh;. gpd;dh; 1859-y; ,th; Njhw;Wtpj;j jj;jtNghjpdp
rghit (1838) gpuk;krkh[j;Jld; ,izj;jhh;.
· gpuk;k rkh[j;jpd; Mr;rhhpauhf ,Ue;j Nfrd; re;jpu nrd; ,jpypUe;J gphpe;J nrd;W

Kw;Nghf;F gpuk;k rkh[j;ij Muk;gpj;jhh;. Fyg;G jpUkzk;> tpjit kWkzk;.
Fy;tpawpitg; gug;Gjy; Nghd;w gyKw;Nghf;F fUj;Jf;fis Nfrd; jiyikapyhd rkh[k;
typAWj;jpaJ. NjNte;jpuehj; jh$uhy; Jtf;fg;gl;l rkh[k; Mjpgpuk;k rkh[k;
vdg;gl;lJ.

2. gpuhh;j;jdh rgh – 1867
· gpuk;k rkh[j;jpd; fUj;Jf;fs; kfhuhl;buj;jpw;Fg; gutpajhy; Nfrt; re;jpu nrd;dhy;

gk;ghapy; mj;kuhk; ghz;Luq;fhtpd; jiyikapy; 1867 khh;r; 31k; ehs; Jtq;fg;gl;lJ.

· ,jDila Fwpf;Nfhs; ‘rj;paNkt n[apNj’ vd;gjhFk;. xNu flTs; nfhs;ifAk;> rKjha
rPh;j;jpUj;jKk; gpuhh;j;d rkh[j;jpd; ,uz;L Fwpf;Nfhs;fshFk;.

· jPz;lhikiaAk; rhjp NtWghLfisAk; ,J fz;ldk; nra;jJ. uhz;Nl> N[h\p> NfhfNy
Nghd;w Gfo;kpf;fth;fSk; ,jpy; Nrit Ghpe;jdh;.
3. Mhpa rkh[k;
· gk;ghapy; 1875-k; Mz;L Rthkp jahde;j ru];tjpahy; Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;L gpd;dh; mjd;

jiyikaplk; yh$Uf;F khw;wg;gl;lJ.

· ,th; Mhpa rkh[j;ij gk;ghapy; rj;jpahh;j;jg; gpufhrk; vDk; E{ypd; thapyhf
ntspapl;lhh;.
· Rh;ktpjp> kWgpwg;G Mfpa fUj;Jf;fis Mhpa rkh[k; Vw;Wf; nfhz;lJ.
· Ntjq;fNs kf;fSf;F Md;k top fhl;bfshf mika Ntz;Lk; vd;gij typAWj;jp
Ntjj;Jf;Fj; jpUk;G (Go back to Vedas) vd;gij jhufke;jpukhff; nfhz;lhh;.
· rKjhaj;jpy; ngz;fspd; epiy cah;j;jg;gl Ntz;Lnkd;Wk; typAWj;jpaJ. gpw
rkaq;fshy; ,e;J kjj;jpw;F Vw;gl;l Njf;f epiyapypUe;J mjid ,t;tpaf;fk;
fhg;ghw;wpaJ vdyhk;.
· ,th; Rjp ,af;fj;jpd; %yk; (Shuddhi) fpwp];Jt kjj;jpw;F khwpa gy yl;rf;fzf;fhd
kf;fis kPz;lk; ,e;j kjj;jpw;F khw;wpdhh;.
· Fhujh rl;lk; epiwNtw;wg;gLtjw;F fhuzkhapUe;j `h;gpyh]; rhujh (Harbilas Sarda) Xh;
Mh;a rkh[f;fhuh; vd;gJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.
· yhyh y[gjpuha;> yhyh `hs;];uh[;> gz;bj FU jj; Nghd;w jiyth;fs; ,e;j
rkh[j;ij Nrh;e;jth;fNs.
4. gpuk;kQhd rig (Thesophical Society)
· vr;.gp.gpshthl;];fp vDk; u\;a mk;ikahuhy; 1875-y; epA+ahh;f; efhpy; Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;lJ.
· gpd;dh; fh;dy; My;fhl; vd;ghUk; mtUld; ,ize;jhh;.
· 1882-k; Mz;L mnkhpf;fhtpypUe;J Rthkp jahde;j ru];tjp cjtpAld; mjd;
jiyikafk; nrd;id milahWf;F khw;wg;gl;lJ.
· ,t;tpaf;fj;ij ,e;jpahtpy; Gfo;ngw;w xd;whf khw;wpa ngUik md;dpngrd;l;
mk;ikahiuNa rhUk;.
· Md;kPf hPjpapy; cyf rNfhjuj;Jtj;ij Vw;gLj;Jjy; ,e;jpahtpd; gz;ila kjk;>
,yf;fpak;> jj;Jtk;> mwptpay; Mfpatw;iw ghJfhj;jy; Kjypad ,jd; Kf;fpa
Nehf;fq;fs; MFk;.
5. ,uhkfpU\;zh ,af;fk;
· xNu flTs; gy;ntW tbtq;fNs. VR> my;y> fpU\;zd; vd;W $wpa ,uhkfpU\;z
guk`k;rh; jahde;j ru];tjpapd; rkfhyj;jth;.
· ‘kf;fs; NritNa kNfrd; Nrit’ vdf; fUjpa ,th; ,iwaUs; ngw;wth;. ,tuJ rPlh;jhd;
eNue;jpuehj; jj;jh vd;w ,aw;ngah; nfhz;l Rthkp tpNtfhde;jh;. ,e;J neg;Nghypad;
vdg;gLk;.
· ,th; 1993-y; fpfhNfh cyf rka khehl;by; Mw;wpa ciu Md;kPf cyif fth;e;jJ.
kdpjid kdpjdhf;Fk; rkaNk. Fy;tpNa jw;fhy ,e;jpahtpw;Fj; Njit vd;gij
typAWj;jpdhh;.
· ,th; tpop> vO> cio vd;w ke;jpuj;ij ,isQh;fSf;F Nghjpj;jhh;. tpNtfhde;jNu.
· 1997-y; fy;fj;jh mUfpYs;s NgY}h;khj; (Belur math) vDkplj;jpy; uhkfpU\;z klj;ijAk;>
kp\idAk; Njhw;Wtpj;jhh;.
· ,jd; fy;tpg;gzpAk; Rfhjhu nghJg;gzpfSk; Nghw;wj;jf;fit.
6. = ehuhaz ghpghyhd Nahfk;
,e;j mwf;fl;lisia = ehuhaz FU Nfus khepyj;jpy; Vw;gLj;jpdhh;. <oth;
FLk;gj;jpy; gpwe;j ,th; mth;fsJ rKjhak; Kd;Ndw;wk; miltjw;fhf ehuhaz
FU gs;spfisAk;> fy;Y}hpfisAk; epWtpdhh;. kf;fs; topghl;Lf;F Nfhapy;fisf;
fl;bdhh;. ,tuJ Nghjid xNu rhjp> xNu rkak;> xNu flTs; vd;gjhFk;.
4. Mq;fpNyah; fhy fy;tp tsh;r;rp
· thud; N`];bq;]; 1781-y; fy;fj;jhtpy; xU kjurhit cUthf;fpdhh;. mJ K];yPk;fis
muRg;gzpf;Fj; jahh; nra;Ak; Nehf;fj;Jld; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.
· 1792-y; gdhurpy; ,e;Jf;fSf;fhd mj;jifa fy;tp epiyak; xd;W mikf;fg;gl;lJ.
· 1813k; Mz;L gl;lrar; rl;lj;jpy; xU Mz;bw;F xU yl;rk; &gha;f;Fk; Fiwahky;
fy;tpf;fhf ,e;jpah;fs; nrytpl Ntz;Lk; vd $wg;gl;lJ. Mdhy;> ,e;jpah;fSf;F
vj;jifa fy;tp mspg;gJ vd;gJ gw;wp fUj;J NtWghL vOe;jJ.
· nkf;fhNy (Mecalay) – Ml;rpj;Jiw eyDf;fhfTk;. Thzpg eyDf;fhfTk;. thzpg
eyDf;fhfTk;> mwptpd; tsh;r;rpf;F Mq;fpy topf; fy;tpNa mtrpak; vd;whh;. tpy;ypak;
ngd;bq; gpuT> nkf;fhNyapd; fy;tp gw;wpa Fwpg;gpid Vw;Wf; nfhz;lhh;.
· 1835-y; khh;r;> 7 md;W Mq;fpyf; fy;tp gw;wpa jPh;khdk; epiwNtw;wg;gl;lJ. ,t;thW

ngz;bq;fpd; fhyj;jpy; Mq;fpyf; fy;tp nkf;fhNyahy; ,e;jpahtpy; Eioe;jJ.

cly; mwpf;if – 1854 (Woods Dispatch)
· Mq;fpyf; fy;tpapd; khf;d fhh;l;lh (magna Carta) vdg;gLfpwJ. ,t;twpf;if ,e;jpahtpy;
Mq;fpyf; fy;tpiag; Gfl;LtNj murhq;fj;jpd; nfhs;if vd;gij njspthf;fpaJ.
· mNj rkaj;jpy; fpuhk mstpy; jha; nkhopfspd; vz;zpf;if thapyhf fy;tp Gfl;l
typAWj;jpaJ.
· xt;nthU khepyj;jpYk; xU ,af;Fehpd; fPo; ,aq;Fk; nghJ fy;tpj;Jiw mikf;fg;

ghpe;Jiuf;fg;gl;lJ. nrd;id> gk;gha;> fy;fj;jh Mfpa ,lq;fspy; gy;fiyf;fofq;fs;
Jtq;fTk; ghpe;Jiu nra;ag;gl;lJ.

· 1858-y; gy;fiyf; fofq;fs; ,k;%d;W ,lq;fspy; Jtq;fg;gl;ld.
`z;lh; FO – 1882 – 83

· Nehf;fk; ,e;jpahtpy; Muk;gf; fy;tpapd; epiygw;wp Muha;tjhFk;.

· ,f;FO ,ilepiyf; fy;tpia ,uz;lhf gphpj;J xU gphptpy; ,yf;fpaf; fy;tpAk;> kw;nwhU
gphptpy; Ntiytha;g;G mspf;fTk; fUj;J njhptpj;jJ.
· rpW efuq;fspy; ngz; fy;tpf;fhd tha;g;Gfs; cUthf;fg;gl Ntz;bajd; mtrpaj;ijAk;
,f;FO typAWj;jpaJ.
· ,jd; mbg;gilapy; jhd; gQ;rhg; gy;fiyf;fofk; (1882). myfhghj; gy;fiyf;fofk; (1857)

Mfpad cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.

uhNy FO

,e;jpaf; fy;tp Kiwapy; jpUg;jp nfhs;shj fh;rd; gpuT 1901-y; rpk;yhtpy; khehL xd;iwf; $l;bdhh;. gpd;dh; gy;fiyf; fy;tp gw;wp Muha rh; jhk]; uhNy vd;gthpd; jiyikapy; xU FOit epakpj;jhh;. ,f;FOtpd; ghpe;Jiufs; mbg;gilapy; 1904-k; Mz;L ,e;jpag; gy;fiyf;fofr; rl;lk; (Indian Universities Act, 1904) epiwNtw;wg;gl;lJ. ,r;rl;lj;jpd; %yk; gy;fiyf;fofq;fspd; kPJ murhq;fj;jpd; fl;Lg;ghL mjpfkhfpaJ. fy;Y}hpfs; murhq;fj;jpd; xg;Gjy; ngWjy; mtrpakhdJ. NkYk;> xU gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy; Muha;r;rp khzth;fspd; vz;zpf;if 50 – 100 tiu fl;lhak;l ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vdg;gl;lJ.

rhl;yh; FO – 1917

,f;FO 12 Mz;L fy;tp Kiwia ghpe;Jiuj;jJ. ,ilepiyf;fy;tpf;fhff; fy;Y}hpfs; mikf;fTk; gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy; mDkjpf;fg;gl ,ilepiyf; fy;tpj; Njh;tpy; Njw Ntz;Lk; vdTk; typAWj;jg;gl;lJ. gy;fiyf; fofq;fspy; eilKiw mwptpay; (Applied Science), njhopy; El;gf; fy;tp (Technical education) Nghd;wit fw;gpf;fTk; ,f;FO tw;GWj;jpaJ.

`hh;lf; FO – 1929 (Hartag Commission)

rh; gpypg; `h;lhf; fjiyikapy; mikf;fg;gl;l ,f;FOtpd; Nehf;fk; fy;tpapd; Kd;Ndw;wk; gw;wp mwptNj MFk;. ,f;FO Muk;gf; fy;tpiaAk; mtrukhd tphpthf;fj;ijAk; ,f;FO fz;ldk; nra;jJ. cah;epiyf; fy;tp mstpy; Ntiytha;g;Gr; rh;he;j fy;tp Kiwf;Fk; ,f;FO ghpe;Jiuj;jJ.

thh;jh fy;tp Kiw (Wardha system of education)

‘nray; %ykhd fy;tp’ vd;gij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l thh;jh fy;tp Kiwia

fhe;jp[p tFj;jhh;. 1937-y; [hfph; cNrdpd; jiyikapy; mike;j xU FO ,f;fy;tp Kiwf;fhd ghlj;jpl;lq;fis jahhpj;jJ. gy ifj;njhopy;fisf; fw;f ,k;Kiw tif nra;jJ. ,k;Kiw fhq;fpu]; Ml;rp nra;j 7 khepyq;fspy; eilKiwg;gLj;j Kaw;rp
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ. 1939-y; fhq;fpu]; mikr;ruitfs; gjtp tpyfpajhy; Rje;jpuk; ngw;w gpd;dNu ,k;Kiw Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ.

,uhjh fpU\;zd; FO – 1948

gy;fiyf;foff; fytp gw;wp Muha ,e;jpa murhq;fj;jhy; 1948 etk;ghpy; lhf;lh; uhjhfpU\;zd; jiyikapy; xU FO mikf;fg;gl;lJ. ,jd; Kf;fpa ghpe;Jiufs;

1. gy;fiyf;fof khdpa FO (University grants Commission) mikj;jy;.

2. gy;fiyf;fof fy;tpiag; nghJg;gl;baypy; (Concurrent list) Nrh;j;jy;.

3. Ntshz;ik> kUj;Jtk;> rl;lk;> njhopy; El;gk;l Nghd;w ghlq;fSf;F Kd;Dhpik
mspj;jy;.
4. gd;dpuz;L Mz;L fhy gy;fiyf;fofj;jpw;F ke;jpa fy;tp

,uhjhfpU\;zd; FO mwpf;ifapd; mbg;gilapy; jhd; fy;fiyf;fo khdpaf; FO (UGC) 1953-y; mikf;fg;gl;lJ. 1956 ghuhSkd;w rl;lk; thapyhf mjw;F tphpthd mjpfhuq;fs; toq;fg;gl;ld.

Nfhj;jhhp FO – 1964
Njrpa fy;tpKiw> fy;tp Nkk;ghL Kjypad gw;wp Muha 1964-y; v];. Nfhj;jhhpapd; (S.

Kothari) jiyikapy; xU FO mikf;fg;gl;lJ. ,f;FOtwpF cjt mnkhpf;fh> u\;ah> ,q;fpyhe;J Nghd;w ehLfpsd; fy;tp ty;Yeh;fSk; miof;fg;gl;ldh;.

,f;FO mwpf;ifapd; mbg;gilapy; ,e;jpa murhq;fk; 1968-y; xU jPh;khdk; epiwNtw;wpaJ. ,j;jPh;khdk; 14 taJ tiu fl;lhaf; fy;tpia typAWj;jpaJ. Njrpa tUkhdj;jpy; 6% fy;tpf;fhf nrytpl Ntz;Lk; vd;gJk;l ,f;FOtpd; Kf;fpa ghpe;JiuahFk;.
1976-y; fy;tp nghJg;gl;baypy; (Concurrent list) 42tJ rl;l jpUj;jk; (42^nd Amendment 1976) %yk; Nrh;f;fg;gl;lJ.
1986-y; Gjpa fy;tpf; nfhs;is (New Education Policy) ,aw;wg;gl;lJ.

5. 1857k; Mz;L Gul;rp
fhuzq;fs; :
· 1857-k; Mz;L Gul;rp fhdpq;gpuT (Lord Canning) fhyj;jpy; (1856 – 62) ele;jJ.
· ly;n`srp gpd; mtfhrpapypf; nfhs;ifAk; (Doctrine of Lapse), nty;ny];ypapd;
ntspg;gilahd epy ,izg;Gf; nfhs;ifAk; Jizg;gilj; jpl;lk;.

· Kfyhag; Nguurpd; muR FLk;gj;ij ly;n`srp ly;n`srp mtkhdg;gLj;jpdh;. Kfyhag; Nguuruhf ,Ue;j ,uz;lhk; gfJ}h;\hf;F gy rYiffs; kWf;fg;gl;ld. Gjpjhf tug;NghFk; thhpRf;F rpy chpikfs; fpilahJ vd fhdpq;gpuG fl;lisapl;lhh;.

· ,uhZtj;jpy; Xh; ,e;jpad; tfpj;j kpf cah;e;j gjtp fNgjhh;> nghJ Copaj;jpy;
,e;jpad; tfpj;j kpf cah;e;j gjtp mkPd; vd;gjhFk;.
· fk;ngdp vy;yh kf;fisAk; fpwp];Jth;fshf;f Kaw;rp nra;tjhf ,e;Jf;fSk;>
K];yPk;fSk; mQ;rpdh;.

· fhdpq;gpuG nfhz;L te;j rl;lk; ,e;jpa rpg;gha;fs; vq;F Ntz;LkhdhYk; nry;y Ntz;Lk; vd;W fl;lhag;gLj;jpaJ. ,e;J kj ek;gpf;ifapd;gb fliy fle;J nry;tJ ghtkhf fUjpajhy; ,jid gy cah;rhjp ,e;Jf;fs; vjph;j;jdh;.

· Kjy; Mg;fhd; Nghhpd; Jtf;fj;py; re;jpf;f Mq;fpNyahpd; Njhy;tp kw;Wk; fphpkpag; NghhpYk;

(1854-55) Mq;fpNyahpd; Njhy;tp Mfpait Mq;fpNyaiu nty;y KbAk; vd;W ,e;jpa
rpg;gha;fs; czh;e;jdh;.

· cldbf; fhuzk; :

1856-y; ,e;jpa ,uhZtj;jpy; Gjpa vd;gPy;L Jg;ghf;fpfs; (Enfield rifles) mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;ld. mjDila uitfspy; gR> gd;wp nfhOg;Gf; fyit jltg;gl;L ,Ue;jjhf fUjg;gl;lJ. ,e;Jf;fs; gRitg; Gdpjkhff; fUjpdh;. K];yPk; gd;wpia ntWj;jdh;.

fpsh;r;rpapd; Nghf;F

· ghuhf;G+hpy; kq;fs; ghz;Nl vd;w rpg;gha; njhl;lhit gad;gLj;j kWj;J jd; mjpfhhpia
Jg;ghf;fpahy; Rl;lhh;.

· cz;ikahd Gul;rp 1857 Nk 10-k; ehs; kPul; efhpy; Jtq;fpaJ.
· mLj;J nly;ypia ,e;jpa rpg;gha;fs; ifg;gw;wp Nk 16 md;W ,uz;lhkl; gfJ}h;\h
,e;jpag; Nguurh; vd mwptpj;jdh;.
·   ,g;Gul;rpapy; gfJ}h;\h ,uq;$Df;F ehL flj;jg;gl;L mq;NfNa khz;lhh;.

Njhy;tpf;fhd fhuzq;fs; :
·   Gul;rp ,e;jpahtpd; xU Fwpg;gpl;l gFjpapy; kl;Lk; ed;whf ,Ue;jJ.
·   nghJthd jiyth; xUtUk; ,Uf;ftpy;iy.
·   ,e;jpa murh;fspy; gyh; fk;ngdpf;F Mjuthf ele;J nfhz;ldh;.
·   rpy rYiffs; %yk; fhdpq;gpuG gyuJ Mjuit ngw;whh;.

Gul;rpapd; tpisTfs; :
·   Mq;fpy ghuhSkd;wj;jhy; ,aw;wg;gl;l 1858-k; Mz;L rl;lk; kfhuhzp Nguwpf;if (Queen’s

Proclamation) vdg;gLfpwJ. ,r;rl;lk; fpof;fpe;jpa fk;ngdpapd; Ml;rpf;F Kw;Wg;Gs;sp
itj;jJ. gphpl;b\; muNrhL ,izf;fg;glhj RNjr muRfs; gphpl;b\; Nguurpd;
mq;fkhapd.

·   fth;dh; n[duy; vDk; gjtp ngah; khw;wk; nra;ag;gl;lJ. mtuJ Neub fl;Lg;ghl;by;
,Ue;j gFjpfspy; mth; fth;dh; n[duy; vdTk;> ,e;jpa muRfSldhd cwTfspy; mth;
itrpuha; vdTk; miof;fg;gl;lhh;. Mtfhrpapypf; nfhs;if iftplg;gl;lJ. thhpR ,y;yhj
,e;jpa murh;fs; jj;J vLf;fTk;> muRhpik toq;fTk; xg;Gjy; mspf;fg;gl;lJ.
·   INuhg;gpa giltPuh;fspd; vz;zpf;if mjpfkhf;fg;gl;lJ.
·   [hjp> kjk; mbg;gilapy; gilg;gphpTfs; cUthf;fg;gl;ld.

6. ,e;jpa NjrPa fhq;fpu]{f;F Kd;G
tq;fhsk;

· tq;fhs epyr;Rth];jhuh;fs; mikg;G – 1837 (Bengal Lancholders Society)

·   tq;fhs gphpl;b\; ,e;jpa r%fk; - 1843 (Bengal British Indian Society)
·   gphpl;b\; ,e;jpa fofk; - 1851 (British Indian Association)
·   ,e;jpah yPf; (fprhp Rkhh; Nfh\;) – 1875 (India League)
·   ,e;jpa fofk; (RNue;jpuehj; Ngdh;[p) – 1876 (Indian Association)

gk;gha;
·   gk;gha; fofk; - 1852 (Bombay Association)
·   fpof;fpe;jpa fofk; (jhjhgha; nesnuh[p) - 1866 (East India Association)
·   gk;gha; uh[];jhdpf; fofk; - 1885 (Bombay Presidency Association)

nrd;id
·    nrd;id thrpfs; rq;fk; - 18652 (Madras Native Association)
·   nrd;id kfh[d rig - 1885 (Madras Mahajana Sabha)

7. ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu];

,e;jpa nghJg;gzp mjpfhhpahf (ICS) ,Ue;j V.X.`pA+k; (A.O.Hume) 1885, brk;gh; khjj;jpy; ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpui] Njhw;Wtpj;jhh;. gk;ghapy; $ba Kjy; fhq;fpu]; $l;lj;jpy; 72 cWg;gpdh;fs; fye;J nfhz;ldh;. ,e;jpa Njrpa A+dpad; (Indian National Union) vd;w ngaUld; Jtq;fg;gl;l mt;tikg;G jhjhgha; nesNuh[papd; MNyhridg;gb ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu]; vd ngah; khw;wk; nra;ag;gl;lJ. ,t;tikg;Gf;F 1892 tiu A.O.`pA+k; nghJr; nrayhsuhfg; gjtp tfpj;jhh;.

1. fhq;fpu]; khehLfs;

Mz;L	jiyik jhq;fpath;	,lk;
1885	W.C. Ngdh;[p	Kk;gha;
1886	jhjhgha; nesNuh[p	nfhy;fj;jh
1887	gj;UjPd; jpahg;[p	nrd;id
1888	[hh;[; A+y;	myfhghj;
1889	tpy;ypak; ntl;lh;gh;d;	Kk;gha;
1890	NgNu]; \h Nkj;jh	Nfhy;fj;jh
1891	Mde;j rhh;Y	ehf;G+h;
1892	W.C. Ngdh;[p	myfhghj;
1893	jhjhgha; nesNuh[p	yh$h;
1894	My;gpul;ntg;	nrd;id
1895	S.N. Ngdh;[p	G+dh
1896	R.M. rahdp	nfhy;fj;jh
1897	rq;fud; ehah;	mkuhtjp
1898	Mde;jNkhfd; Ngh];	nrd;id
1899	R.C. jj;	yf;Ndh
1900	N.G. re;jputhf;fh;	yh$h;
1901	D.E.thr;rh	nfhy;fj;jh
1902	S.N.Ngdh;[p	mfkjhghj;
1903	Yhy;Nkhrd; Nfh];	nrd;id
1904	n`d;wp fhl;ld;	Kk;gha;
1905	NfhghyfpU\;zd; NfhfNy	thuzhrp
1906	Jhjhgha; nesNuh[p	nfhy;fj;jh
1907	uh]; gpfhhp Nfh];	#uj;
1908	uh]; gpfhhp Nfh];	nrd;id
1909	kjd; Nkhfd; khstpah	yh$h;
1910	tpy;ypak; ntl;lh;gd;	myfhghj;
1911	B. N. jhh;	nfhy;fj;jh
1912	Nkhjhy;fh;	gq;fpg;G+h;
1913	ethg; iraJ KfkJ gfJ}h;	fuhr;rp
1914	G+Nge;jpuehj; ghR	mrd;id
1915	S. P. rpd;`h	Kk;gha;
1916	A. C. k[_k;jhh;	nfhy;fj;jh
1917	md;dpngrd;l;	nly;yp
1918	kj];Nkhfd; khstpah	mkph;jru];
1919	Nkhypyhy; NeU	nfhy;fj;jh (epWj;jg;gl;lJ)
1920	yhyh y[gjpuha; C. tp[auhfthr;rhhpahh	ehf;G+h;
1921	C. R. jh]; (rpiwapypUe;jhh;) (`fpk; m[;ky;fhd;) (Acting)	mfkjhghj;
1922	C. R. jh];	Fah
1923	mGy;fyhk; Mrhj; (epWj;jg;gl;lJ) KfkJ myp	nly;yp Nfhfz;lh
1924	kfhj;kh fhe;jp	ngy;fhk;
1925	rNuh[pdp ehAL	fhd;G+h;
1926	rPdpthr ma;aq;fhh;	fTfhj;jp
1927	M.A. md;rhhp	nrd;id
1928	Nkhjpyhy; NeU	nfhy;fj;jh
1929	[t`h;yhy; NeU	yh$h;
1930
1931	ty;ygha; gl;Nly;	fuhr;rp
1932	mkhpyhy; (jil nra;ag;gl;lJ)
1933	nrd;Fg;jh (jil nra;ag;gl;lJ)	nfhy;fj;jh
1934	uhN[e;jpu gpurhj;	Kk;gha;
1935	uhN[e;jpu gpurhj;	Kk;gha;
1936	[t`h;yhy; NeU	yf;Ndh
1937	[t`h;yhy; NeU	igd;G+h;
1938	Rgh\; re;jpuNgh];	`hpGuh
1939	Rgh\; re;jpuNgh];	jphpGhp
1940	mGy;fyhk; Mrhj;	ud;fhl;
1941-45
1946	J.B. fpUghspdp	kPul;
1948	gl;lhgp rPjhuhikah	n[a;G+h;
1950	GuNrhj;jk; jh]; ld;ld;	ehrpf;

2. kpjthjpfs; : (1885 – 1905)

·   jhjhgha; nesNuh[p W.C. Ngdh;[p> RNue;jpuehj; Ngdh;[p> ngNuh]h Nkj;jh gf;Ujpd;
jpahg;[p NfhghyfpU\;z NfhfNy> D.E. thr;rh> Mde;j Nkhfd; Ngh];> uh\; gpfhhp
Nfh\; MfpNahh;.
·     jPh;khdq;fis epiwNtw;wy;> kD nfhLj;jy;> Fiwfis tpsf;f gpujpepjpfis mDg;Gjy;
KjypadNt fhq;fpu]; Nkw;nfhz;l topKiwfshFk;.
·     Jtf;fj;jpy; ,e;jpa murhq;fk; fhq;fpuRld; ey;y cwT epiyia nfhz;bUe;jJ. Mdhy;
tpiutpNyNa mt;TwT khw Muk;gpj;jJ. fhq;fpu]; ,e;Jf;fspd; mikg;G vd;Dk; fUj;J
l/g;hPdhy; gug;gg;gl;lJ. vdpDk; fhq;fpu]; kf;fspilNa nry;thf;F ngwj; Jtq;fpaJ.
,th;fsJ Kaw;rpapd; tpisthfj;jhd; ,e;jpag; nghJg;gzpf;fhd Njh;Tfs; ,e;jpahtpYk;
yz;ldpYk; xNu rkaj;jpy; elj;jg;gl;lJ. Mq;fpNyahpd; Ml;rpahy; ,e;jpahtpy; Vw;gl;l
nghUshjhu tpisT gw;wp kjpg;gPL nra;jik> kpjthjpfs; nra;j kpfg;nghpa gzpahFk;.
·   ,e;jpahtpy; jPtuthj Njrpak; Njhd;wf; fhuzkhf ,Ue;jth;. Mutpe;j; Nfh\;. ,th;
KjpNahUf;fhd Gjpa tpsf;Ffs; (New Lamps for Old) vd;w jiyg;gpy; Gul;rpf;
     fUj;Jf;fis ntspapl;lhh;. mjdhy; jhd; mutpe;jh; jPtputhj ,af;fj;jpd; jPh;f;fj;jhprp
     vd miof;fg;gl;lhh;.
·     1905-y; Vw;gl;l tq;fg; gphptpidia mLj;J jPtputhj Njrpak; jiyJ}f;f Muk;gpj;jJ.
     mjid njhlh;e;J 1907 #uj; khehl;by; uh\;gpfhhp Nfh\; jiyikapy; kpjthjpfSk;>
     mutpe;j; Nfh\; jiyikapy; jPtputhjpfSk; jdpj;jdpahf jPh;khdq;fs; ,aw;w fhq;fpu]py;
     gpsT Vw;gl;lJ. mjd; gpd;dh; kpjthj Njrpaj;jpw;F NfhfNyAk;> jPtputhj Njrpaj;jpw;F

jpyfUk; jiyik Vw;wdh;. vdpDk; 1919 tiu jpyfhpd; jiyikapyhd jPtputhj NjrpaNk
jiyJ}f;fp ,Ue;jJ.

· ghyfq;fhju jpyfh; gPgpd;re;jpughy;> yhyh y[gjpuha;> mutpe;jh;> md;dpngrd;l;
mk;ikahh;> Nkhjpyhy; NeU> rj;aghy; MfpNahh; Kf;fpakhd jPtputhj jiyth;fs; Mth;.

·    Mq;fpy muR fLikahd mlf;FKiwfisf; ifahz;lj. jPtputhj ,af;fj;jpd; je;ij
     vd Nghw;wg;gLk; jpyfh; kw;Wk; yhyh y[gjpuha;> t.c.rp. nghd;Nwhh; ePz;lfhyr;
     rpiwj;jz;lid ngw;wjhy; jPtputhjpfspd; ,af;fk; nraypoe;J epd;wJ. 1914-y; jpyfh;
     tpLjiy ngWk; tiu mt;tpaf;fk; caphpy;yhj ,af;fkhfNt ,Ue;J te;jJ.

4. gaq;futhjpfspd; Njrpa ,af;fk;

· gaq;futhjpfs; my;yJ Gul;rpthjpfs; (Revolutinaries) md;dpa Ml;rpia KbTf;Ff;
nfhz;Ltu td;Kiwapd; kPJ ek;gpf;if nfhz;L nray;gl;ldh;.

· gaq;futhjpfs; jiykiwthf ,Ue;J nfhz;Lk;>

·     gy ,ufrpa mikg;Gfis Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhz;Lk; Nghuhb te;jdh;.
·     ,e;j mikg;Gfs; Fwpg;ghf tq;fhsj;jpYk;> gk;ghapYk; jPtpukhfr; nray;gl;L te;jd.
·     1899-k; Mz;L ,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; ,ufrpa mikg;ghd kpj;uNksh tp.b. rthh;fh; vDk;
     rthh;fh; rNfhjuh;fshy; mikf;fg;gl;lJ. tp.b.rthh;fh; 1904-y; mgpdt; ghuj; vd;w ,ufrpa

     fofj;ij ehrpf;fpy; mikj;jhh;. ,e;j mikg;gpd; cWg;gpduhd kjd;yhy; bq;uh ,e;jpa
     muR mjpfhhp fh;rd; tpy;ypia ,q;fpyhe;jpy; Rl;Lf; nfhd;whh;. ,it midj;Jk; gk;gha;
     khfhzj;jpy; nray;gl;ld. tq;fhsj;jpy; mDrpyd; rkpjp Afe;jh; fl;rp Nghd;wit ,urpa
     mikg;Gfshf nray;gl;L te;jd.

·     mfpy ,e;jpa mstpy; Kjd; Kjyhf 1924-k; Mz;L ,e;J];jhd; FbauR rq;fk;
     (Hindustan Republican Association) rr;rpd; rd;ahy; vd;gtuhy; epWtg;gl;lJ. ,e;j mikg;igr;
     Nrh;e;jth;fs; kPJ ,utpy; nfhs;is tof;fhd ‘ff;Nfhhp rjp tof;F’ (Kakori Conspiracy
     case) Nghlg;gl;L uhk;gpurhj;> gp];kpy;> Nuh\d;yhy; MfpNahh; J}f;fpyplg;gl;ldh;.
·     irkd; fkp\d; vjph;g;Gg; Nghuhl;lj;jpy; <Lgl yhyh y[gjpuha; (1928) ,we;J Nghdhh;.
mjw;F gopthq;Fk; tpjkhf ,e;j mikg;igr; Nrh;e;j gfj;rpq;> re;jpuNrfh;> Mrhj;>

uh[FU MfpNahh; fhty; mjpfhhpahd rhz;lh;i] (Saunder) Rl;Lf; nfhd;wdh;.

·     mLj;J gfj;rpq;> B.K. jj; MfpNahh; kj;jpa rl;l kd;wj;jpy; ntbFz;il tPrp ifjhapdh;.
     gpd;dh; 1931> khh;r; 23 md;W gfj;rpq;> Rf;Njt;> uh[FU MfpNahh; %tUk;
     J}f;fpyplg;gl;ldh;.
·     murpay; ifjpfis khpahijahf elj;Jk; nghUl;Lk;> rpiwapd; epiyia Nkk;gLj;jTk;
     [l;bd; jh]; (jatti, Das) 636 ehl;fs; cz;zhtpujkpUe;J caph; ePj;jhh;.
·     tq;fhsj;jpy; #h;a nrd; (Surya Sen) rpl;lfhq; (Chittagong) vDkplj;jpy; cs;s MAj
     flq;if 1930y; nfhs;isapl;lJ. kpfTk; Gfo;ngw;w xd;whFk;.
·     1905-k; Mz;L rpahk;[p fpU\;zhth;kh yz;ldpy; ,e;jpa ,y;yj;ij (India House)
     njhlq;fpdhh;. ,J gaq;futhjpfspd; Gul;rp ikakhfTk; gad;gl;L te;jJ.
·     ,e;jpahtpd; Gul;rpj;jha; vdf; fUjg;gLk; fhkh mk;ikahh; INuhg;ghtpy; ,aq;fp te;jhh;.
·     mNj Nghy; mnkhpf;fhtpy; 1913-k; Mz;L Nrhfd; rpq; gf;dh fhjh; fl;rpia
     Njhw;Wtpj;jhh;. ,jd; nghJr; nrayhsuhd yhyh `h;jahs; Gul;rpthjf; fUj;Jf;fis
     gug;gp te;jhh;.
·     jkpo;ehl;by; jpUney;Ntyp fnyf;lh; M\;Jiuia thQ;rpehj ma;ah; kzpahr;rp re;jpg;gpy;
     Rl;Lf; nfhd;whh;.
·     tp. b.rthh;f;fhpd; rPluhd t.Nt. Rg;gpukzpa ma;ah; ghz;br;Nrhp te;J ,isQh;fSf;F
     MAjg; gapw;rp mspj;jhh;. jiyefiu nly;ypf;F khw;Wk; epfo;r;rpapy; `hh;bQ; gpuG kPJ

uh\;gpfhhp Nfh]; ntbFz;il tPrpdhh;.

·     Nfhkfl;lkhW epfo;r;rp> 500 ,e;jpah;fis Fwpg;ghf rPf;fpah;fis Vw;wpf;nfhz;L
     Nfhkhfl;lkhW vDk; [g;ghdpaf; fg;gy; fdlh ehl;bw;F NghdJ. Mdhy; fdlhtpd;
     mjpfhhpfs; Mq;fpNyNa mjpfhhpfNshL Nrh;e;J nfhz;L fdlhtpy; FbNaw tplhky;
     jhq;f Kbahj njhy;iyfisj; je;jdh;. ,JNt Nfhkfl;lkhW epfo;r;rp vdg;gLk;.

5 tq;fg;gphptpid – 1905

·     tq;fg; gphptpid vd;gJ tq;fhs khfhzj;ij gphpj;J ,uz;L khfhzq;fshf;fpa murpd;
     nra;ifiaf; Fwpf;Fk; ,e;jpa muRg; gpujpepjpahd fh;rd; gpuG 1905> mf;Nlhgh; 16 md;W
       ,j;jpl;lj;ij nray;gLj;jpdhh;.

·     fh;rDf;F Kd;Ng ,g;gphptpid jpl;lj;ij tpy;ypak; thh;l; vd;gth; Kd;nkhope;jhh;.
·     gphptpidf;F fhuzkhf tq;fhsk; eph;tfpf; Kbahj msTf;F kpfTk; nghpajhf
     ,Uf;fpwJ vd;Wk; fpof;F tq;fhsk; tsh;r;rp Fd;wpa epiyapy; cs;sJ vd;Wk;
     $wg;gl;ld.
·     cz;ikahd fhuzk; ,e;jpa Njrpa ,af;fj;jpd; jhafkhf tq;fhsk; tpsq;fp te;jJ.
     K];yPk;fs; mjpfkhf thOk; m];]hk; fpof;F tq;fhsj;ij jdpahf gphpj;J> ,e;j
     K];yPk; gif tsu ,lkspj;jjhy; jhd; Mq;fpNyahpd; Ml;rp ePbj;J epiyf;Fk; vd
     vz;zpa fh;rd; ,g;gphptpiziar; nray;gLj;jpdhh;.
·     ,jd; njhlh;r;rpahf eilngw;w RNjrp ,af;fj;jhYk;> ehL KOtJk; njhlh;e;J
     Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l Nghl;lq;fhsYk;> mkh;Nrhdhh; gq;fsh vd;w ghliy ,aw;wpdhh;.
     (,JNt jw;Nghija gq;fshNj\; ehl;bd; Njrpa fPjkhf kyh;e;jJ).
·     gq;fpk; re;jpuhpd; te;Nj khjuk; tq;fj;jpd; Njrpa fPjkhapw;W. MltUk;> ngz;bUk;

uf;\ge;jd; fl;bj; jq;fs; cs;sj;J ,izg;ig ntspf;fhl;bdh;.

·     RNue;jpuehj; Ngdh;[p> jh$h;> Mde;j Nkhfd;> Ngh];> gpgpd; re;jpughy; Nghd;w gy Njrpa
     jiyth;fs; fye;J nfhz;ldh;.
·     1906-y; fy;fj;jhtpy; eilngw;w fhq;fpu]; khehl;by; RNjrp ,af;fk;. tpNjrp ,af;fk;>
     Njrpa fy;tpj; jpl;lk; rhj;tPf vjph;g;G (Passive resistence) Fwpj;J jPh;khdq;fs;
     epiwNtw;wg;gl;ld.
·     1906- Mf];L 15-y; Njrpa fy;tpf; FO mikf;fg;gl;ljd; mbg;gilapy; Njrpaf; fy;Y}hp
     xd;W njhlq;fg;gl;L mutpe;j; Nfh\; mjd; jiytuhdhh;. yPahfj; `{Nrd;> mg;Jy; fG+h;

Nghd;w K];yPk; jiyth;fSk; ,jpy; fye;J nfhz;ldh;.

6. #uj; gpsT
·     1907 brk;gh; 26>27 Mfpa ,U ehl;fspy; #uj; efhpy; fhq;fpu]; khehL eilngw;w NghJ
     ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu]py; Kjy; gpst Vw;gl;lJ.
·     tq;fg;gphptpidia vjph;j;J 1908-k; Mz;L fy;fj;jh khehlby; epiwNtw;wg;gl;l
     jPh;khdq;fs; jPtputhj fhq;fpurhhpd; Nghl;l KiwfisNa vjpnuhypj;jd.
·     ,jid gy kpjthjpfs; vjph;j;J mj;jPh;khdq;fis mfw;wplTk; Kbt nra;jdh;.
     ,e;epiyapy; 1907-k; Mz;L $l;lk; ehfGhpapy; eilngWtjhf ,Ue;jJ.
·     ,J jPtputhjpfspd; nry;thf;F kpf;f ,lk; vd;w fhuzj;jhy; $l;lj;jpd; ,lk; #uj;pw;F

     khw;wg;gl;lJ. #uj;jpy; fl;rpg; gphptpid jtph;f;f ,ayhJ Nghapw;W. NfhghyfpU\;z
     NfhfNyapd; jiyikapy; kpjthjpfSk;> ghyfq;fhju jpyfhpd; jiyikapy;
     jPtputhjpfSk; gphpe;jdh;.

·   #uj; khehl;bd; NghJ jiyik tfpj;jth; uh\;gpfhhp Nfh\; Mthh;.

7. kpz;Nlh khh;yp rPh;j;jpUj;jk;
·     ,r;rl;lk; ,e;jpa tptfhur; nrayh; khh;yp gpuGthy; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.
·     jPtputhjpfspd; nry;thf;if Fiwj;J kpjthjpfis jpUg;jpgLj;jNt ,e;j murpay; rl;l
     rPh;j;jpUj;jk; nra;ag;gl;ljhf $wg;gLfpwJ.

,r;rl;lj;jpd; rpwg;gk;rq;fs; :
·     tFg;G thhpg; gpujpepjpj;JtKiw (Separate Electorate) K];yPk;fSf;F Vw;Wf;
     nfhs;sg;gl;lJ
·     Kiwg;gbahd Njh;jy; Kiwia mwpKfk; nra;jJ.

8. K];yPk; yPf; - 1906
·     tq;fhs ethg; rypKy;yhfhdpd; Kaw;rpahy; mfp ,e;jpa K];yPk; kf;fSf;fhf 1908
     brk;gh; 30-y; mfpy ,e;jpa K];yPk; yPf; mikf;fg;gl;lJ.
·     mjd; epue;ju jiytuhf Mfhfhd; Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;lhh;.
·     rh; iraj; mfkJfhdhy; Cf;Ftpf;fg;gl;L K];yPk; fy;tp fhq;fpu]; vd;w mikg;G
     Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. ,J fhq;fpuRf;F ,izahd mikg;ghf tpsq;fpaJ. 1888-y; ,tNu
     If;fpa ,e;jpa ehl;Lg; gw;WilNahh; rq;fk; (United Indian Patriotic Association) vd;w
     mikg;ig epWtpdhh;.

9. yf;Ndh ,izT – 1916
·     jpyfh; rpiwapypUe;j NghJ jPtputhjpfs; nraypoe;J epd;wdh;. jpyfUk;> NfhfNyAk;

Nkw;nfhz;l ,izg;G Kaw;rp ngNuh\h Nkj;jhtpd; vjph;g;ghy; Njhy;tpapy; Kbe;jJ.

·     1915k; Mz;L gk;ghapy; rpd;fh jiyikapy; $ba fhq;fpu]; khehL jPtputhjpfis
     kPz;Lk; fhq;fpu]py; Nrh;f;f mDkjpj;jJ.
·     1916-k; Mz;L yf;Ndh kheh;lby; kpjthjpfSk;> jPtputhjpfSk; ,ize;jdh;. ,jw;F
     jpyfUk;> md;dpngrd;l;Lk; ngUk gq;fhw;wpdh;.

yf;Ndh 1916 yf;Ndh khehl;by; fhq;fpuRk; K];yPk; yPf;Fk; Mq;fpNya Ml;rp vjph;g;G vd;w xNu nfhs;ifapd; fPo; Xh; cld;ghL fz;lJ. ,JNt yf;Ndh xg;ge;jk; vdg;gLfpwJ. gphpl;b\; Kjy; cyfg;Nghhpy; JUf;fp Nguuir mopj;jjhy; ,e;jpa K];yPk;fs; Mq;fpy MjuTf; nfhs;ifia iftpl;lNj ,e;j cld;ghl;bw;F Kf;fpa fhuzkhFk;. ,t;Tld;ghL ,e;jp Njrpa ,af;fj;jpw;F GJtypikia mspj;jhYk; ,jd; %yk; K];yPk; yPf;fpd; jdptFg;Gthhp gpujpepjpj;Jtj;ij fhq;fpu]; Vw;Wf; nfhz;lJ ngUk; jtwhfpaJ.

· jd;dhl;rp chpik vd;gJ Mq;fpy Nguurpd; Nkyhz;ikf;F cl;gl;l Ra Mlrp epiyia
Fwpg;gjhFk;.

·     mah;yhe;J kf;fs; tpUk;gpa jd;dhl;rp chpikia Mq;fpy muR Vw;Wf; nfhz;ljhy;>
     mNj Nghd;W ,e;jpah;fSf;Fk; jd;dhl;rp chpik fpilj;jpl Ntz;Lk; vd tpUk;gpa
     md;dpngrd;l; mk;ikahh; jd;dhlrp ,af;fj;ij nrd;idia jiyikaplkhff; nfhz;L
     njhlq;fpdhh;.

· ,tUf;F Kd;Ng ,e;jpa jd;dhl;rp fofk; jpyfuhy; 1916 Vg;uy; khjj;jpy; G+dh efhpy;

     njhlq;fg;gl;lJ. ,UtuJ jd;dhl;rp ,af;fq;fSk; Nfhl;ghLfs;> nfhs;iffs;
     Fwpf;Nfhs;fs; Mfpatw;wpy; xNu khjphpahfNt ,Ue;jd. ngr];bd; jd;dhl;rp fofj;jpw;F
     mUz;NlYk;> thbahTk; nghpJk; ghLgl;ldh;. md;dp ngrd;l; jdJ epA+ ,e;jpah
     fhkd;tPy; gj;jphpf;iffs; %yk; jd;dhl;rp fUj;Jf;fisg; gug;gpdh;.

·     Nfrhp> kuhj;jh Nghd;w jpyfhpd; gj;jphpf;iffs; jd;dhl;rp fUj;Jf;fisg; gug;gpd.
·     1917 fy;fj;jh khehl;bw;F md;dpngrd;l; jiytuhf Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;lhh;. mJKjy;
     jd;dhl;rp chpik miljy; vd;gJ fhq;fpu]pd; Fwpf;nfhshapw;W.

11. kfhj;kh fhe;jpapd; Muk;g fhyk; : 1915-17
·     njd;dhg;gphpf;fhtpypUe;J 1915 [dthpapy; NfhghyfpU\;z NfhfNyapd; Kaw;rpahy;
     fhe;jp[p mth;fs; ,e;jpah jpUk;gpdhh;.
·     xU Mz;L ,e;jpah KOtJk; Rw;Wg; gazk; nra;j gpwF 1916-y; mfkjhghj;jpy; rgh;kjp
     Mfpatw;iw epWtpdhh;.

12. rk;guhd; rj;ahfpufk;
·     ,e;jpahtpy; fhe;jpapd; Kjy; murpay; Nrhjid nghl;lkhf mike;jJ. rk;guhd;
     vDkplj;jpy; ele;j rj;ahfpufNk MFk;. ,q;F ,d;bNfh gaphpLk; tptrhapfis Mq;fpNya
     Njhl;l mjpgh;fs; fl;lhag;gLj;jp 3/20 gFjpia ,d;bNfh rhag; gapiu gaphpl nra;jdh;.
     ,e;j Kiw jpd; fj;ah Kiw (Tin Kathia System) vdg;gLk;.
·     ,jid vjph;j;J uh[;Fkhh; Rf;yh> gPh; KfkJ MfpNahh; fhe;jpia mioj;jdh;. gpd;G
     fhe;jpapd; Kaw;rpahy; jpd; fj;ah Kiw xopf;fg;gl;lJ.
·     ,g;Nghuhl;lj;jpd; NghJ fhe;jpAld; ,uhN[e;jpu gpurhj;> fpUghspdp> kfhNjt; Njrha;
     MfpNahUk; fye;J nfhz;ldh;.

13. mfkjhghj; kpy; Nghuhl;lk; - 1918

mfkjhghj; kpy; chpikahsUf;Fk;> njhopyhsh;fSf;Fk; ,ilNa rpf;fy; vOe;jJ. fhe;jp[p ,e;jpahtpy; kjd; Kiwahf cz;zhtpujk; vd;w MAjj;ij gad;gLj;jp rhFk;tiu cz;zhtpujk; ,Ue;jhh;. ,jd; tpisthf kpy; chpikahsh;fs; 35% Cjpa cah;it mspf;f Kd;te;jdh;.

14. Nfjh rj;jpahfpufk;

F[uhj;jpy; cs;s Nfjh khtl;lj;jpy; Vw;gl;l twl;rpapd; fhuzkhf tptrhapfs; thpia js;Sgb nra;J Ntz;l> muR mjw;F nrtprha;f;ftpy;iy. fhe;jp tptrhapfsplk; thp nfhLf;f Ntz;lhk; vd;Wk;> rhFk; tiu Nghuhl;lk; nra;Nthk; vd;Wk; Fuy; vOg;gpdhh; Mifahy; tpUk;GNthh; kl;Lk; thpia fl;lyhk; vd;W muR ,ufrpa Miz gpwg;gpj;jJ Mifahy; tptrhapfsplk; fhe;jpapd; Gfo; ngUfpaJ.

15. Mf];L

gpufldk; - 1917

·

Kjy;

cyfg;Nghhpy; NerehLfs; Njhy;tpiaj; jOtptpLk; epiyapy; ,Ue;j NghJ ,e;jpah;fspd;

Mjutpid KOikahf ngw tpUk;gp khz;nlF gpuG 1917 Mf];L 20-y; xU mwpf;ifia

ntspapl;lhh;. ,JNt Mf];L gpufldk; vdg;gLfpwJ.

·

,jd;gb

eph;thfj;jpy; ,e;jpah;fs; mjjpfk; gq;Fngw tha;g;G mspf;fg;gLk;. ,e;jpah;fSf;F

nghWg;ghl;rp mspj;jpl ,e;jpa murk; Mq;fpy murk; ,ize;J chpa eltbf;iffis

Nkw;nfhs;Sk;.

16

rj;ahfpuf ehs;

·

Nusyl; rl;lj;ij

fhe;jp KO %r;Rld; vjph;jhh;.

·

1919 khh;r;

khjk; gk;ghapy; rj;ahfpuf rig Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;lJ. 1919 khh;r; 30k; ehs;

rj;ahfpuf ehshf mDrhpf;f fhe;jp[p kf;fisf; Nfl;Lf; nfhz;lhh;. Mdhhy; mth;

nrd;id nrd;wNghJ uh[h[p Nghd;Nwhhpd; MNyhridapd; Nghpy; rj;ahfpuf ehs; 1919

Vg;uy; 6-k; Njjp khw;wg;gl;L vt;tpj mrk;ghtpjKkpd;wp nfhz;lhlg;gl;lJ.

·

Mdhy;

gk;gha;> by;yp> mkph;jru]; Mfpa ,lq;fspy; td;Kiw epfo;e;jjhy; ,khya jtW (Himalayan

miscalculation) nra;J tpl;ljhff; fUjp>

fhe;jp[p nusyl; rj;ahfpufj;ij epWj;jpdhh;.

·

nusyl;

rj;jpahfpufj;ij fhe;jp Nkw;nfhz;l Kjy; mfpy ,e;jpag; Nghuhl;lk; vdyhk;.

17. nusyl;

rl;lk; - 1919

·

cyfg;Nghh;

Kbe;jTld; gaq;futhjj;ij mlf;Fk; Kaw;rpapy; ePjpgjp rpl;dp nusyl; vd;gthpd;

ghpe;Jiug;gb 1919 khh;r; 18-k; ehs; rl;lk; ,aw;wg;gl;lJ. ,r;rl;lj;jpd; gb

1.

rpwg;G ePjpkd;wk;

mikf;fg;gLk;

2.

ePjp kd;wj;jpy;

,ufrpa tprhuiz elj;jg;gLk;

3.

tprhuizapd;wp

xUtiu 2 Mz;L rpiwapy; itf;fyhk;.

4.

eph;thf

mjpfhupfs; vtiuAk; re;njfj;jpd; Nghpy; ifJ nra;ayhk;.

·

,jid fUg;G

kNrhjh (Black Bill) vd;Wk;> rhj;jhd;

rl;lk; vd;W mioj;jdh;.

18.

[hypad; thyhghf; gLnfhiy – 13 Vg;uy; 1919

·

mkph;jru];

efhpd; nry;thf;F kpf;f jiyth;fis rj;ahghy;> irGjPd; fpl;RY MfpNahiu ehL

flj;j gQ;rhg;gpd; fth;dh; ikf;Nfy; xl;tpah; (Michael O’ Dwyer) cj;jutpl;lhh;.

·

,th;fSf;fhfTk;

murhq;f mlf;FKiwf;Fg; gypahNdhUf;fhfTk; ,uq;fy; $l;lk; elj;j Vw;ghL

nra;ag;gl;lJ. rPf;fpah;fspd; Gdpj ehshd igrhfp jpdj;jd;W (Baisaki Day) mjhtJ

1919 Vg;uy; 13-ehs; [hypad; thyhghf;fpy; (Jallian Wallah Bagh) $l;lk; ele;J nfhz;bUe;jJ.

·

jil cj;juT

Mizia kPwpajhf;f $wp n[duy; nu[pdhy;L lah; jdJ gilapdiu RLkhW cj;jutpl;lhh;.

,jpy; 1500-f;Fk; Nkw;gl;Nlhh; ,we;jdh;.

·

,it

midj;jpw;Fk; fhuzkhd fth;dh; ikf;Nfy; xl;tpaiu> cjhk;rpq; vd;gth; gy

Mz;LfSf;Fg; gpwF yz;ldpy; Rl;Lf; nfhd;wdh;.

·

gQ;rhg;

gLnfhiyiaj; njhlh;e;J gphpl;b\; murhq;fk; ePjpgjp `z;lh; gpuT jiyikapy; `z;lh;

tprhuizf; FOit epakpj;jj.

19.

khz;NlF nrk;];Nghh;L rPh;j;jpUj;jr; rl;lk; - 1919

·

khepyj;jpd;

eph;thfg; nghWg;G khw;wg;gl;l Jiwfs; (Transferred subjects) xJf;fg;gl;l Jiwfs; (Reservecd Subjet) vd ,U $Wfshfg; gphpf;fg;gl;L Ml;rp nra;ag;gl;lJ.

·

1921 Vg;uy; 1

Kjy; nrd;id> tq;fhsk; Kjyhd vl;L khfhzq;fspy; ,ul;ilahl;rp mKy;

nra;ag;gl;lJ.

·

Kjd; Kiwahf

,e;jpa murpd; rhh;gpy; ,e;jpa cah; Mizah; xUth; yz;ldpy; epakpf;fg;gl;lhh;.

20.

fpyh/gj; ,af;fk;

·

Kjy; cyfg;

Nghhpd; Kbtpy; JUf;fp Ry;jhdpd; mjhtJ fpyh./gj;jpd; rkaj; jiyikiaAk;> Ml;rp

chpikiaAk; kPz;Lk; epiyepWj;jpl ,];yhkpah;fs; Nkw;nfhz;l ,af;fNk fpyh/gj;

,af;fk; vdg;gLk;.

·

,e;jpahtpy;

,t;tpaf;fj;ij nksyhdh KfkJ myp> nrsfj;

vdg;gLk; myp rNfhjuh;fs;> Mrhj;> lhf;lh; md;rhhp Nghd;Nwhh;

njhlq;fpdhh;fs;. Kjy; fpyh/gj; khehL 1919 nrg;lk;gh; 21k; ehs; yf;Ndhtpy;

eilngw;wJ. Mf;nlhgh; 17-k; ehs; fpyh/gj; jpdkhf nfhz;lhlg;gl;lJ.

·

,e;J K];yPk;

xw;Wikiaf; fUjp fpyh/gj; ,af;fj;ij fhe;jp Mjhpj;jg;gpd; xj;Jioahik ,af;fj;jpd;

xU gFjpahf ,J khwpaJ. Ntfkhf tsh;e;J te;j ,e;j ,af;fk; fhe;jp xj;Jioahik

,af;fj;ij jpBnud epWj;jpaTld; ,t;tpaf;fk; tYtpoe;jJ. NkYk; JUf;fp Ry;jhdpd;

Kbahl;rp ePf;fg;gl;L JUf;fp Ry;jhdpd; Kbahl;rp ePf;fg;gl;L JUf;fp FbauR Mdjhy;

fpyh/gj; gjtpNa ePf;fg;gl;lJ.

·

,j;jifa

fhuzq;fshy; fpyh/gj; ,af;fk; Njhy;tpaile;jJ.

·

vdpDk; 1927 tiu

,t;tpaf;fk; ngaustpy; ,e;jpahtpy; eilngw;W te;jJ.

21.

xj;Jioahik ,af;fk; - 1920 - 22

·

1920 khhr; 10k;

ehs; fpyh/gj; ,af;fk; gpd;gw;Wtjw;fhd nray;jpl;lj;ij (Gandhi’s

Manifesto) fhe;jp ntspapl;lhh;.

·

1920 Mf];L Kjy;

ehs; xj;Jioahik ,af;fk; kf;fspd; ,af;fkhf njhlq;fpaJ.

·

gpd;dh;

nrg;lk;ghpy; yhyh jiyikapy; eilngw;w fy;fj;jh khehl;by; ,t;tpaf;fj;jpw;fhd

jPh;khdq;fs; epiwNtw;wg;gl;ld.

·

Kjypy; C.R.

jh];> B.C. ghy;> md;dpngrd;l;> [pd;dh> khstpah nghd;Nwhh;

,j;jPh;khdj;ij vjph;jdh;. gpd;dh; brk;ghpy; ele;j ehfGhp fhq;fpu]; khehl;by;

jhd; KOjhf mq;fPfhpf;fg;gl;lJ.

·

mfpk;iria

mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l ,t;tpaf;fj;jpy; gy Mf;fg;gzpfSk;> tpyf;Fg; gzpfSk; ,lk;

ngw;wd.

·

1920 [{iy 31-y;

fhykhd jpyfhpd; ngahpy; ‘jpyfh; epjp’ 1 Nfhb &gha; jpul;LtJk;> 1 Nfhb ,af;fj;

njhz;lh;fis jpul;LtJk;> kf;fspilNa 20 yl;rk; ,uhl;ilfis tpepNahfpg;gJk;

Mf;fg; gzpfshFk;.

·

,jid mLj;J NeU

C.R. jh];> uhN[e;jpugpurhj;> uh[h[p Nghd;Nwhh; jq;fsJ tof;fwpQh;

njhopiyg; Gwf;fzpj;jdh;. Rgh\; re;jpuNgh]; jdJ cah; gjtpia tpl;L ntspNawpdhh;.

·

fhe;jp[p jdJ

nfa;rh; `pe;j; tpUjpid cjwpdhh;. gy fy;tp epiyaq;fs; njhlq;fg;gl;ld.

·

1921 pdthpapy;

yz;ldpypUe;J nrd;id te;j fd;dhl; Nfhkfid (Duke of Connaught) kf;fs; Gwf;fzpj;jdh;.

etk;ghpy; gk;gha; te;j Nty;]; ,sturh; tUifAk; Gwf;fzpf;fg;gl;lJ.

·

xj;Jioahik ,af;fj;jpd; NghJ itrpuhahf ,Ue;j hPbq; gpuG (Lord

Reading) gy

mLf;FKiw eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhs;syhdhh;. fhq;fpuRf;Fk; muRf;fpilNa rkhjhdk; nra;J

itf;f kjd;Nkhfd; khstpah Kaw;rpfs; Nkw;nfhz;lhh;. Mdhy; ,k;Kaw;rp

Njhw;Wg;Nghapd.

·

,jidaLj;J 1921 mfkjhghj; fhq;fpu]; khehl;by; gh;Njhypapy; rl;l kWg;G

,af;fj;ij Jtq;fg; Nghtjhf muRf;F vr;rhpf;if tpLj;jhh;.

·

Mdhy;> Vw;fdNt gk;gha; td;KiwapYk; khg;sh fyfj;jpYk; kdk; FKwp ,Ue;j

fhe;jp 1922 gpg;uthp 5-y; Nfhuf;G+h; mUfpYs;s nrshp nrsuh vDkplj;jpy; td;Kiw

fl;Lf;flq;fhJ Nghdjhy; xj;Jioahik ,af;fj;ij gpg;uthp 12-y; iftpLtjhf

mwptpj;jhh;.

·

fhe;jp[p Nghuhl;lj;ij jpBnud epWj;jpajhf NeU rp.Mh;.jh]; uh[h[p

Nghd;Nwhh; fz;bj;jdh;. mfpy ,e;jpa fhq;fpu]; fkpl;bAk; fpyhgj; ,af;fj;

njhz;lh;fSk; fz;ldk; nra;jdh;.

22. Rauh[;af; fl;rp – 1923

·

xj;Jioahik

,af;fj;ij fhe;jp[p epWj;jpaijj; njhlh;e;J fhq;fpurpy; khWgl;l fUj;Jfs;

gpwe;jjd; tpisNt Rauh[;af; fl;rp MFk;.

·

mjhtJ Njh;jypy;

gq;F ngw;W> fhq;fpu]; nfhs;ifahd rl;lkd;wg; Gwf;fzpg;gpy; khw;wk; Ntz;lk;

vd;w nfhs;is cilath;fs; khw;wk; tpUk;gpNahh; (Pro – Changers) vdg;gl;ldh;.

·

,jpy;

rpj;juQ;rd; jh];> Nkhjpyhy; NeU> tpj;jy;gha;> gNly; Nghd;Nwhh;

Kf;fpaj; jiyth;fshth;. rl;lkd;wg; Gwf;fzpg;gpy; vt;tpj khw;wj;ijAk;l Vw;Wf;

nfhs;shjth;fs;.

·

khw;wk;

tpUk;ghNjhh; (No Changers) vdg;gl;dh;.

,jpy; uh[h[p> uhN[e;jpugpurhj;> md;rhhp Nghd;Nwhh; Kf;fpaj;jiyth;fshth;.

·

1923 [dthp Kjy;

ehs; Rauh[;a fl;rpiaj; Njhw;Wtpj;jdh;. rpj;juQ;rd; jh]; fl;rpapd; jiytuhfTk;>

Nkhjpyhy; NeU mjd; nrayhsuhfTk; Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;ldh;.

·

fhq;fpu]pd;

Rauh[;a Nfhl;ghl;bid ,f;fl;rp Vw;Wf; nfhz;lNjhL> gpd; fhe;jp[pAld; Vw;gl;l

cld;ghl;bd;gb rl;lkd;wj;Jf;Fs; Rauh[;a fl;rp nray;gLk;. rl;l kd;wj;Jf;F ntspNa

fhq;fpu]; nray;gLkl; vdg;gl;lJ.

·

kj;jpa rl;l

kd;wj;jpy; Nkhjpyhy; NeU Rauh[;a fl;rpj; jiytuhf nray;gl rp.Mh;.jh]; tq;fhs

rl;lkd;wj;jpy; jiytuhf ,Ue;jhh;.

·

1925-y;

rp.Mh;.jh]pd; kiwT 1927 Njh;jypy gy Gjpa fl;rpfspd; ntw;wp Mfpatw;why;

Rauh[;af; fl;rp jd; nry;thf;if ,oe;jJ. Mdhy; fhq;fpu]; ,af;fk; nray;glhky;

Njq;fp fple;j neuj;jpy; ,e;jpahtpy; murpay; gzpia Mw;wpa ngUik Rauh[;a

fl;rpiaNa rhUk;.

23. irkd;

FO – 1927

·

VO Ngh; nfhz;l

,f;FOtpy; xU ,e;jpah; $l ,lk; ngwtpy;iy. ,jd; fhuzkhfNt ,e;jpah;fs; midtUk;

vjph;f;fyhapdh;.

·

irkNd jpUk;gp Ngh

(Go Back Simon) vd;w Nfh\kpl;L

fUg;Gf;nfhb fhl;bdh;. Yh$hpy; yhyh y[gjpuha; jiyikapy; eilngw;w

Mh;g;ghl;lj;jpy; fhty; mjpfhhp rhz;lh;]; jbab elj;j mjpy; fhak; mile;j yhyh jd;

,d;Dapiu ePj;jhh;.

·

gpd;dh; gfj;

rpq;Fk; mtUila ez;gh;fSk; yhyh ,wg;Gf;Ff; fhuzkhd rhz;lh;i] Rl;Lf; nfhd;wdh;.

ngUk; Mh;g;ghl;lq;fSf;Fk;> vjph;g;Gf;FkpilNa ,e;jpah KOtJk; gazk; nra;a

irkd;FO jdJ mwpf;ifia 1930 Nk khjk; ntspapl;lJ.

·

,jd;

mbg;gilapNyNa ,q;fpyhe;jpy; tl;lNkir khehL eilngw;wJ.

24. NeU

mwpf;if – 1928

·

irkd; FOtpw;F

,Ue;j vjph;g;ig czh;e;j ,e;jpar; nrayh; gph;fd;n`l; gpuG ,e;jpah;fNs>

,e;jpah;fs; midtUk; Vw;Wf; nfhs;sj;jf;f murpay; rl;lj;ij cUthf;f ,ayhJ vd rthy;

tpl;lhh;.

·

,jid njhlh;e;J

midj;jpe;jpa khehL 1928-y; gk;ghapy; $b FO xd;W mikf;fg;gl;L Gjpa murpay;

rl;lj;ij cUthf;f KbT nra;jdh;. ,f;FO jdJ mwpf;ifia 1928 Mf];L 10k; ehs;

rkh;g;gpj;jJ.

·

KO murpay;

tpLjiy vd;w Nfhl;ghL NeU mwpf;ifapy; ,lk; ngwhjjhy; [tfh;yhy; NeU> Rgh];

re;jpu Ngh]; Nghd;Nwhh; vjph;j;jdh;.

·

vdpDk; 1929

brk;gh; 31f;Fs; ,tw;wpf;ifia xl;Lnkhj;jkhf gphpl;b\; ghuhSkd;wk; Vw;gjhapd;

mjidj; jhq;fSk; Vw;gjhf fhq;fpu]; mwptpj;jJ. ,t;twpf;ifia myp rNfhjuh;fs;

Nghd;w K];yPk;fs; rpyh; vjph;j;jdh;. ,jdhy; K];yPk;fSf;fpilNa Vw;gl;l fUj;J

NtWghlfis jPh;f;Fk; nghUl;L nly;ypapy; $b cUthdJ jhd; [pd;dhtpd; 14 mk;rj;

jpl;lkhFk;. [pd;dh; Nfhhpa gy Nfhhpf;iffis fhq;fpu]; fl;rpapdh; rpyUk;>

,e;Jkfh rigapdUk; vjph;j;jdh;.

·

,t;thW midj;J

fl;rpapdUk; ,ize;J cUthf;fpa NeU mwpf;ifia midtUk; Vw;f kWj;jdh;.

25 G+uz

Rauh[;ak; - 1930 [dthp 26

·

1929-k; Mz;L

,Wjpapy; yh$hpy; utp Mw;wpd; fiuapy; $ba fhq;fpu]; khehl;bw;F [tfh;yhy; NeU

jiyik jhq;fpdhh;.

·

KO tpLjiy my;yJ

G+h;z Rauh[;ak; vd;gNj ,Wjp Nfhhpf;ifahf Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl;lJ. 1929 brk;gh;

31-k; ehs; %th;z nfhbia NeU gwf;ftpl;lhh;.

·

xt;nthU Mz;Lk;

[dthp 26-k; ehis KO Rje;jpu jpdkhf (Puma Swaraj Day) nfhz;lhlg;gLtnjd KbT nra;ag;gl;lJ. ,e;j ehNs

,e;jpahtpd; FbauR ehshf gpd;dh; kyh;e;jJ.

26. rl;lkWg;G ,af;fk;

·

1930 [dthp 31k;

ehs; fhe;jp[p jdJ 11 mk;r Nfhhpf;ifia (Gandhi Manifesto) ntspapl itrpuha; mij Vw;Wf; nfhs;stpy;iy.

·

1930-k; Mz;L

gpg;uthpapy; rgh;kjp Mrpukj;jpy; $ba fhq;fpurpd; nraw;FO Gjpa fl;l rl;lkWg;G

Nghuhl;lj;ij fhe;jp[p jiyikNaw;W elj;j KbT nra;ag;gl;lJ. ,t;tpaf;fk; cg;Gr;

rj;ahfpufj;Jld; njhlq;fg;gLk; vd fhe;jp[p mwptpj;jhh;.

·

cg;Gr;

rj;jpahfpufj;jpd; fPo; fhe;jp[papd; jz;bahj;jpiu 1930 khh;r; 12k; ehs; 78

cWg;gpdh;fsld; rgh;kjp Mrpukj;jpy; njhlq;fpaJ. ,jd; jpl;l Ntiyfisf; ftdpj;j

gNly; ifJ nra;ag;gl;lhh;.

·

1930 Vg;uy;

6-y; cg;Gr; rl;lj;ij kPwpa fhe;jp[p ifJ nra;ag;gl;L vuthlh rpiwapy;

milf;fg;gl;lhh;. ,tiuj; njhlh;e;J Nghuhl;lj;jpw;F jiyik tfpj;j mg;gh];

jpahg;[p> rNuh[pdp ehAL MfpNahh; mLj;jLj;J ifJ nra;ag;gl;ldh;.

·

jkpo;ehl;by;

uh[h[p E}W njhz;lh;fSld; jpUr;rpapypUe;J Ntjhuz;aj;jpw;F nrd;W cg;Gr; rl;lj;ij

kPwpdhh;.

·

B.gpufhrKk;>

nf. ehNf\;th; uhTk; nkhPdh flw;fiuapy; cg;Gr; rj;ahfpufk; nra;jdh;. muR ehL

KOtJk; mlf;F Kiwia ifhaz;lJ. Mlf;F Kiwia kPwp kf;fs; vOr;rp nfhz;ldh;.

·

1930 etk;gh;

njhlq;fpa KjyhtJ tl;l Nkir khehl;by; fhq;fpu]; fye;J nfhs;stpy;iy. rl;lkWg;G

Nghuhl;lj;ij epWj;jTk;> fhq;fpu]; khehl;by; fye;J nfhs;sTk; topfhz tpUk;gpa

,h;tpd; gpuT fhe;jp - ,h;tpd; xg;ge;jj;jpw;F toptFj;jhh;.

27- tl;l

Nkir khehLfs; (Round Table conference)

,e;jpahtpw;fhd murpay; rl;lk; vt;tifapy; cUthf;fg;gl

Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ Fwpj;J ,e;jpah;fSld; fye;Jiuahb KbT fhz tpUk;gpa Mq;fpy muR xU tl;lNkir

khehL elj;j KbT nra;jJ.

Kjy; tl;l

Nkir khehL

·

yz;ldpy; 1930

etk;gh; 12-y; njhlq;fpa Kjy; tl;lNkir khehl;bw;F gphpl;b\; gpujkh; uhk;Nr

nkf;nlhdhy;L (Ramsay Mecdonald) jiyik

jhq;fpdhh;.

·

$l;lhl;rp (Federation) kw;Wk; rpWghd;ikapdhpd; tFg;Gthjg; gpujpepjpj;Jtk;

Fwpj;J tpthjk; nra;ag;g;lJ.

·

irkd; FOtpd;

mwpf;ifia mbg;gilahff; nfhz;Nl khehL eilngw;wjhYk; fhe;jp kw;Wk; gy jiyth;fs;

rpiwapy; ,Ue;jhYk; fhq;fpu]; ,jpy; fye;J nfhs;stpy;iy. ,jdhy; khehLk;

Njhy;tpAw;wJ.

28 – fhe;jp -

,h;tpd; xg;ge;jk;

·

,jw;F rPdpthr

rh];jphp rhg;U> n[af;fh; KjypNahh; Kaw;rp Nkw;nfhz;ldh;.

·

,t;nthg;ge;jj;jpd;

gb fhq;fpu]; rl;lkWg;G ,af;fj;jpid cldgahf epWj;jptpl;L mLj;J eilngWk;

khehLfwpy; fye;J nfhs;sTk;.

·

Mq;fpy muR

rl;lkWg;G ,af;fj;jpid cldbahf epWj;jptpl;L mLj;J eilngWk; khehLfspy; fye;J

nfhs;sTk;.

·

Mq;fpy muR

rl;lkWg;G ,af;fj;jpid xLf;f ntspaplg;gl;l Midfs; tof;Ffs; jpUk;gg; ngwg;gl;L

rpiw nrd;Nwhh; tpljiy nra;ag;gLth;.

·

flNyhug;

gFjpapy; cs;Nshh; kl;Lk rhp nrYj;jhJ cg;G jahhpf;f mDkjpf;fg;gLth; vd;W

xg;ge;jj;jpy; $wg;gl;lJ.

·

gfj;rpq;fpw;F

toq;fg;gl;l kuzjz;lidia ePf;f ,t;nthg;ge;jk; tif nra;atpy;iy vd;W rpy jiyth;fs;

vjph;g;G njhptpj;jdh;.

29 -

,uz;lhtJ tl;lNkir khehL – 1931

·

fhe;jp -

,h;tpd; xg;ge;jj;ij mLj;J 2-tJ tl;lNkir khehl;by; fhe;jp[p fye;J nfhz;lhh;.

·

,J yz;ldpy;

1931 nrg;lk;gh 7-y; njhlq;fpaJ. rpWghd;ikNahhpd; tFg;Gthhpg; gpujpepj;Jtk;

Fwpj;J gpujhdkhf tpthjpf;fg;gl;lJ.

·

mk;Ngj;fhh;

[pd;dh> Mfhfhd; Nghd;Nwhh; fhe;jp[papd; fUj;ij Vw;Wf; nfhs;stpy;iy.

·

fhe;jp[p

yz;ldpy; ,Ue;jNghJ ,h;tpd; gpuGtpw;F gpd;G te;j nty;ypq;ld; gpuG (Lord

Wellington) fhe;jp - ,h;tpd; xg;ge;jj;ij

iftpl;L> mlf;FKiwia ifahz;lhh;.

·

Mifahy;

fhe;jp[p kPz;Lk; rl;lkWg;G ,af;fj;ij 1932-k; Mz;L [dthp 3-k; ehs; Jtf;fpdhh;.

Fhe;jp ifJ nra;ag;gl;L vuthlh (Erawada)

rpiwapy; milf;fg;gl;lhh;.

30 – ehk;nr kf;nlhdhy;bd;

tFg;Gj;jPh;T

·

,uz;lhkl; tl;l

Nkir khehl;by; tFg;G thhpj; jPh;T Fwpj;J cld;ghL Vw;glhjjhy; gphpl;b\; gpujkh;

kf;nlhdhy;L jdJ tFg;Gj; jPh;it (Communal Award) 1932 Mf];L 17k; ehs; mwptpj;jh;.

·

,jd;gb midj;J

rpWghd;ikapdUf;F (K];yPk;> rPf;fpah;fs;> INuhg;gpah;> jho;j;jg;gl;Nlhh;) jdpj;njhFjpfs;

xJf;fg;gLk;. Jdpj;njhFjpfspy; thOk; Fwpg;gpl;l tFg;gpdh; kl;LNk jq;fs;

gpujpepjpfisj; Njh;e;njLf;f thf;fspg;gh.

·

,e;j tFg;Gj;

jPh;thy; rkak;> tFg;G> ,dk;> njhopy; Mfpatw;wpd; mbg;gilapy; ehL

gphpf;fg;gl;lJ.

31 – G+dh

cld;ghL

·

tFg;Gj;

jPh;tpd;gb ,e;Jf;fspd; jho;j;jg;gl;nlhh; kl;lNk thf;fspf;Fk; jdpj;njhFjp vd;gJ

,e;Jf;fisNa ,uz;lhfg; gphpf;Fk; nrayhjyhy; ,j;jpl;lj;jpid vjph;j;J> fhe;jp[p

tuthlh rpiwapNyNa rhFk;tiu cz;zhtpujj;ij 1932 nrg;lk;gh; 20-k; ehs; Jtf;fpdhh;.

·

mtuJ

cz;zhtpuj;ij njhlh;e;J kjd;Nkhfd; khstpah Nghd;w rpy jiyth;fspd; Kaw;rpahy;

fhe;jpf;Fk; mk;Ngj;fhUf;Fk; ,ilNa Xh; cld;ghL fhz topfz;ldh;.

·

,JNt 1932

nrg;lk;gh; 26-k; ehs; Vw;gl;l G+dh cld;ghlhFk;. ,jd;gb jdpj;njhFjpfs; ,Uf;fhJ

nghJj; njhFjpfspy; jho;j;jg;gl;NlhUf;fhd ,lq;fs; ,ul;bg;ghf;fg;gLk;.

·

,jd; %yk;

jho;j;jg; gl;nlhh;fis ,e;J rKjhaj;jpypUe;J gphpf;Fk; Kaw;rp Kwpabf;fg;gl;lJ.

32.

%d;whtJ tl;l Nki[ khehL

,e;jpaj; jiyth;fs; tFg;Gthj rpf;fiyj; jPh;g;gjpYk;

rl;l kWg;G ,af;fk; gytPduhfTk; ,Ue;j epiyfspy; 1932-k; Mz;l etk;gh; 17-k; Njjp

3-tj tl;l Nkir khehl yz;ldpy; eilngw;wJ. ,jpy; ,q;fpyhe;jpy; njhopw;

fl;rpAk;> ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpuRk; gq;Fngwtpy;iy.

%d;W tl;lNkir khehL gw;wpa nrd;id mwpf;if 1933

%d;W tl;lNkir khehL gw;wpa nrd;id mwpf;if 1933

khh;r; khjk; gphpl;b\; ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; rkh;g;gpf;fg;gl;lJ. ,jd; mbg;gilapNyNa

1935-k; Mz;L ,e;jpa murhq;fr; rl;lk; ,aw;wg;gl;lJ. ,JNt %d;W tl;lNkir

khehLfspy; jdpg;ngUk; rhjidahFk;.

33 – 1995

,e;jpa murhq;fr; rl;lk;

·

,r;rl;lj;jpw;F

%yk; irkd; fkp\d; mwpf;if> NeU mwpf;if> rl;lNkir khehl;bd; nts;is mwpf;if

1933 Kjypad MFk;.

·

gphpl;b

tuyhw;wpNyNa kpfTk; ePskhd rl;lk; 1935-k; Mz;L rl;lNk MFk;.

rl;lj;jpd;

Kf;fpa rhuhk;rq;fs; :

khepy Rahl;rpf;F tif

nra;ag;gl;lJ.
khepyj;jpy; ,ul;il

Ml;rp Kiw ePf;fg;gl;L> kj;jpapy; ,ul;il Ml;rpKiw nray;gLk;.
murhq;f mjpfhuq;fs;

3 tif gl;bay;fshf gphpf;fg;gLk;.
gphpl;b\; ,e;jpa

khepyq;fisAk;> ,e;jpa kd;dh; khepyq;fisAk; nfhz;l mfpy ,e;jpaf;

$l;lhl;rp (All India Federation)

mikf;fg;gLk;.
gh;kh

,e;jpahtpypUe;J gphpf;fg;gLk;.
cr;r ePjpkd;wk; (Federal

Courts) Vw;gLj;jg;gLk;.

,r;rl;lj;jpd;gb

nghJj;Njh;jy;fs; elf;ftpUe;jd. Mdhy; NeU> Ngh];> ngag;gpufh\; ehuhad;

Nghd;Nwhh; ,r;rl;lj;ijNa Gwf;fzpf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;wdh;. mr;rl;lj;ij NeU> mbikg;

gl;lak; (Character of Slavery) vd;W th;zpj;jhh;.

khwhf gNly;> uh[h[p> rj;jpa%h;j;jp> uhN[e;jpu gpurhj; Nghd;Nwhh;

,r;rl;lj;ij nray;gLj;j xj;Jf; nfhz;ldh;.

34.

fhq;fpu]; mikr;ruit

1937-k; Mz;L

Njh;jypy;> nkhj;jKs;s 11 khepyq;fspy; fhq;fpu]; 7 khepyq;fspy; Ml;rpia

epWtpaJ. rpe;Jtpy; kl;LNk K];yPk; yPf; Ml;rp mikj;jJ. m];yhkpy; K];yPk; $l;lzp

muR epWtg;gl;lJ. Fhq;fpu]; MSk; khepyq;fspy; xUkpj;j Mlrp vw;gl xU ghuhSkd;w

Jizf;FO Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. ,e;j FO fhq;fpu]; Nkyplk; (Congress high command) vd miof;fg;gl;lJ. ,uhN[e;jpu gpurhj;> nksyhdh

Mrhj;> gNly; MfpNahh; ,jd; cWg;gpdh;fs; Mth;. Rahl;rp ngw;w khepy muRfs;

epyr;rPh;jpUj;jk;> kJ tpyf;F> fy;tp> mhp[d ey Kd;Ndw;wk; vd;W gy

jpl;lq;fis nray;gLj;jpd.

35.

ypd;ypj;Nfhtpd; Mf];L mwptpg;G – 1940 (August Offer)

2-k; cyfg;Nghhpy;

gphpl;ld; njhlh;e;J njhy;tpfisr; re;jpj;jNghJ ,e;jpah;fspd; xj;Jiog;G

,d;wpaikahjjhfpaJ. ,e;jpah;fspd; Mjuitg; ngWtjw;fhf 1940 Mf];L 8-k; ehs; xU

mwpf;ifia ntspapl;lhh;. Nghh; Kbe;jgpd; ,e;jpahTf;F nlhkpdpad; jFjp (Dominian

Stutus) toq;Ftjw;fhd fhyf;nfL Fwpg;gpltpy;iy.

NkYk; [pd;dhtpd; ghfp];jhd; nfhhpf;ifia Mjhpg;gjhf Mf];L mwptpg;G

mike;jpUe;jjhy; 1940-y; fhq;fpu]; fl;rpj; jiytuhd mg;Jy; fyhk; Mrhj; mjid Vw;f

kWj;jh;. itrpuhapd; Ml;rpf; Fotpy; rk me;j];J nfhLf;fg;gltpy;iy vdf;$wp

K];yPk;fSk; epuhfhpj;jJ.

36.

jdpegh; rj;jpahfpufk; - 1940

Mf];L mwptpg;G

fhq;fpuRf;F Vkhw;wk; mspj;jJ. NkYk; Nghh;f;fhy neUf;fbia kdjpy; nfhz;L fhe;jp[p

kf;fs; ,af;fj;Jf;F khw;whf jdpegh; rj;jpahfpufj;ij Jtf;fpdhh;. Kjy; rj;jpahfpuf

tpNdhgh ghNt 1940 mf;Nlhgh; 47k; ehs; fhe;jpahy; Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;lhh;.

,uz;lhtj jdpegh; rj;pahfpufp [t`h;yhy; NeU ifJ nra;ag;gl;L 4 mz;Lfs; rpiw

jz;lid toq;fg;gl;lJ. 1941 brk;gh; 30-y; gh;Njhypapy; $ba fhq;fpu]; nraw;FO

jdpegh; rj;jpahfpufj;ij tpyf;fpf; nfhz;lJ.

37.

fhq;fpu]; - K];yPk; yPf; cwt KwpT

fhq;fpu]; mikr;rh;fs;

gjtp tpyfpaijf; nfhz;lhLk; nghUl;L 1939 brk;gh; 22-k; ehis tpbTehshf (Day

of Deliverance) nfhz;lhlg;gLk; vd;whh; [pd;dh.

38.

[pd;dhtpd; ,Uehl;Lf; nfhs;if – 1940

1940 yh$h; K];yPk;

yPf; khehl;by; Kjd; Kiwahf [pd;dh ekJ ,U ehl;Lf; nfhs;ifia njspTgLj;jpdhh;.

K];yPk;fs; nk[hhpl;bahf cs;s gFjpfisg; gphpj;J ghfp];jhd; vd;w jdpehL mspf;ff;

Nfhhpdhh;. Mdhy;> ghfp];jhd; vd;w nrhy;iy cUthf;fpath; uFkj; myp (Rahmat

Ali)> kfkJ ,f;ghy; (Muhammad Iqbal). 1930-k; Mz;by; eilngw;w K];yPk; yPf;fpd; Kjy;

khehl;bNyNa ,Uehl;Lf; Nfhl;ghl;il Vw;gLj;jpdhh;.

39.

fphpg;]; J}Jf;FO – 1942

njd;fpof;F

Mrpa ehLfspy; [g;ghdpy; ntw;wp ,q;fpyhe;jpd; murpay; #o;epiy Nghd;wit

,e;jpah;fspd; Nghh; MjuT ngWtJ mtrpakhdJ. ,jw;fhf fphpg;]; jiyikapy; xU J}Jf;FO

1942 khh;r; 22k; ehs; ,e;jpah te;jJ. fphpg;]; ,e;jpahtpy; gyNtW jiyth;fSld;

mNyhrid nra;J gy fUj;Jf;fisf; $wpdhh;. mtw;wpy; Kf;fpakhdit.

1.

,e;jpahtpw;F

nlhkpdpad; me;j];J toq;Fjy;.

2.

NghUf;F gpd;dh;

xU murpay; eph;za rigiaj; Njh;e;njLj;jy;

3.

xd;wpaj;jpy;

,iza khepyq;fSf;F Rje;jpuk; mspj;jy;

,j;jifa Vw;ghLfs; ,e;jpaj; jiyth;fSf;F jpug;jp

mspf;fhjjhy; fphpg;]; jpl;lj;ij tpiue;J

%o;fpf; nfhz;bUf;Fk; tq;fpapd; ngahpy; thq;fg;gl;l gpd; Njjpapl;l fhNrhiy (Post

dated cheque) vd th;zpj;jhh; fhe;jp. fphpg;];

fhq;fpuNrhL kl;Lk; Ngr;R thh;j;ij elj;jpaJ vdf;$wp K];yPk; yPf; ,j;jpl;lj;ij

epuhfhpj;jJ xd;wpaj;jpy; ,iza khepyq;fSf;Fr; Rje;jpuk; mspg;gJ gphptpidf;F

toptFf;Fk; vd;w mr;rKk; Vw;gl;lJ. vdNt> fphpg;]; fUj;Jf;fisf; fhq;fpu];

epuhfhpj;jJ.

40.

nts;isaNd ntspNaW ,af;fk; - 1942

fhuzq;fs;

1.

fphpg;];

J}Jf;FO Njhy;tpaile;jjhy; jdJ murpay; Fwpf;Nfhs;fis mile;jpl fhq;fpu]; Gjpa Xh;

,af;fj;ijj; njhlu Ntz;bajhfpaJ.

2.

[g;ghdpd;

mr;RWj;jy; ehSf;F ehs; mjpfhpj;jjhy; ,e;jpahtpd; ghJfhg;gpd;ikAk; gphpl;b\pd;

Ml;rpf; nfhs;ifAk;> ‘nts;isaNd ntspNaW’ ,af;fk; njhlq;f

Kf;fpa fhuzq;fshf mike;jJ.

3.

gphpl;ld;

,e;jpahit tpl;L ntspNawpdhy; jhd; [g;ghd; ,e;jpahit jhf;fhJ vd;w jPh;f;fkhd

Kbit fhe;jp[p jdJ `hp[d; gj;jphpf;ifapy; vOjpdhh;.

1942 [{iy 14-k; ehs; thh;jhtpy; fhq;fpu]; nraw;FO $b

nts;isaNd ntspNaW jPh;khdj;ij epiwNtw;wpaJ. ,j;jPh;khdj;ij mrhj;> NeU>

Nfhtpe;gy;yge;j; MfpNahh; vjpj;jjhy rpy khw;wq;fSld; gk;ghapy; $ba mfpy ,e;jpa

fhq;fpu]; fkpl;b 1942 Mf];L 8-k; ehs; Vw;Wf; nfhz;lJ. ,f;$l;lj;jpy; Ngrpa

fhe;jp nra; my;yJ ‘nrj;Jkb’ (Do or Die) vd;w

juhR ke;jpuj;ij mspj;jhh;. Mdhy;> Mf];L 9-k; ehs; mjpfhiyapNyNa fhe;jp>

NeU> gNly;> Mrhj; uhN[e;jpu gpurhj; Nghd;w gy Kf;fpa fhq;fpu]; jiyth;fs;

ifJ nra;ag;gl;ldh;. mUzh Mrg; myp mLj;jjhf ,af;fj; jiyik tfpj;jhh;. 1857f;Fg;

gpd; ,g;NghJ jhd; kf;fs; typik nfhz;L muir vjph;f;fyhapdh;. vdpDk; ,e;j Mf];L

Nghuhl;lj;ij muR ,Uk;Gf;fuk; nfhz;L mlf;fpaJ. NkYk; jiyth;fs; njhlf;fj;jpNyNa

ifJ nra;ag;gl;ljhy; ,af;fk; tYtpoe;J NghdJ. vdpDk; n[ag;gpufh\; ehuhad;>

uhk; kNdhfh; Nyhfpah> mUzh mrg; myp Nghd;w fhq;fpu]; Nrh\yp];l; jiyth;fs;

jiykiwT ,af;fq;fis muRf;nfjpuhf elj;jpdh;. gy;NtW ,lq;fspy; Nghl;b murhq;fq;fs;

mikf;fg;gl;d. ghypahtpy; rpe;j ghz;Nl jiyikapy; Nghl;b murhq;fk; mikf;fg;gl;lJ.

Rj;jhuhtpy; (Satara) 1943 –

45 tiu gpuhj;jp rh;f;fhh; vd;w ngahpy ,iz murhq;fk; eilngw;wJ.

tpisTfs; :

,g;Nghuhl;lj;jpy midj;Jtif nghJkf;fSk; fye;J

nfhz;ljhy;> ,j tiu ,y;yhj msTf;F ,e;jpa Njrpak; ntspg;gilahf cyFf;F

czh;j;jg;gl;lJ. K];yPk; yPf; jtpu Vida fl;rpfs; midj;jk; xd;W Nru tha;g;G

mspj;jJ vdpDk; K];yPk;fs; jdpehL ngWtJ jtph;f;f ,ayhJ vd;gijAk; ,g;Nghuhl;lk;

ntspg;gLj;jpaJ.

41.

uh[h[papd; jpl;lk; - 1944

1944-y; ntspapl;l jpl;lNk uh[h[p jpl;lk; vdg;gLk;.

uh[h[papd; jpl;lj;ij fhe;jp[p Vw;Wf; nfhz;ljhf uh[;Nkhfd; fhe;jp

Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh;.

,j;jpl;lj;jpd;

gb>

1.

fhq;fpu]pd;

Nfhhpf;ifahd G+h;z Rauh[;aj;ij yPf; Vw;Wf; nfhs;Sjy;.

2.

fhq;fpu]pd;

,ilf;fhy muR mikf;Fk; nfhs;ifia yPf; Vw;f Ntz;Lk;

3.

K];yPk;

yPf;fpd; ghfp];jhd; nfhhpf;if Fwpj;J cyfg;Nghh; KbTw;wJk; nghJthf;nfLg;G %yk;

KbT nra;ag;gLk;.

,j;jpl;lj;ij xU jw;nfhiyj; jpl;lkhff; fUjpa

fhq;fpu]; Vw;f kWj;jJ. ,jdhy; uh[h[p fhq;fpuir tpl;L ntspNaw Nehpl;lJ.

[pd;dhTk; ,j;jpl;lj;ij Vw;Wf; nfhs;stpy;iy.

42. fhe;jp

– [pd;dh re;jpg;G – 1944

·

[pd;dhit mtuJ

,y;yj;jpy; re;jpj;jhh; fhe;jp. [pd;dh> fhe;jpia Kjd; Kiwahf 1944 [{iy 24

md;W kfhj;kh vd;wioj;jhh;. fhe;jp [pd;dhit Nkd;ikkpf;f jiyth; (Quaid –

ed – Azam) vdf; Fwpg;gpl;lhh;. gpd;dh;

rp.Mh;.jpl;lj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; ,UtUk; tpthjpj;jdh;.

·

ghfp];jhd;

Nfhhpf;ifapy; [pd;dh tplhg;gpbahf ,Ue;jjhy; ,r;re;jpg;G Njhy;tpAw;wJ.

43.

ypahfj; - Njrha; cld;ghL – 1945

44. Ntty;

jpllk; - 1945 & rpk;yh khehL – 1945

fth;dh; n[duypd; eph;thff; FOit ,e;jpah;fs; kl;LNk

nfhz;l mikg;ghf khw;w Ntz;lk; vd;gNj Ntty; jpl;lj;jpd; mbg;gilahFk;. ,e;j

eph;thff; FOtpy; rk mstpy; ,e;Jf;fisAk;> K];yPk;fisAk; Nrh;f;f kpFe;j

jaf;fj;Jld; fhq;fpu]; xg;Gf; nfhz;lJ. Mdhy;> ,f;FOtpy; ,lk; ngWk; vy;yh

K];yPk;fSk; K];yPk; yPf;if Nrh;e;jth;fshfNt ,Uf;f Ntz;Lnkd [pd;dh gpbthjkhf

,Ue;jjhy; khehL Njhy;tpaile;jJ.

45. ,e;jpa

njrpag;gil – 1943 – 45

,e;jpa

Guyl;rpahsuhd uh\; gpfhhp Nfh]; [g;ghDf;Fr; nrd;W> ,e;jpa tpLjiyr; rq;fk;

xd;W mikj;j mq;fpUe;jthNu tpLjiyg; Nghuhl;lj;jpy; <Lgl;lhh;. ,e;epiyapy;

[g;ghdpahplk; ruzile;j 40.000 gphpl;b\; ,e;jpa tPuh;fis Nkhfd; rpq; vd;gth;

xd;W jpul;bdhh;. ,th;fs; ,UtUk; Nrh;e;J ,e;jpa Njrapg; gilia cUthf;f Kad;Wk; mJ

KbahJ NghdJ. Rgh]; re;jpu Ngh]; n[h;kdp> [g;ghd; topahf rpq;fg;G+h; te;j

gpd;dNu 1943> [{iy 4-y; I.vd;.V vdg;gl;l ,e;jpa Njrpag;gil Kiwahf

cUthf;fg;gl;L mjd; jiyikg; nghWg;gpidAk; Vw;Wf; nfhz;lhh;. Nejh[p

mbg;gilapdUf;F mspj;j ke;jpuNk ‘by;yp rNyh’ vd;gjhFk;. gpd;dh; 1943 mf;Nlhgh; 21-y; Rje;jpu

,e;jpa muir rpq;fg;G+hpy; mikj;jhh;. [g;ghd; ifg;gw;wpa me;jkhd; epNfhghh;

jPTfs; Nejh[paplk; xg;gilj;j NghJ mjid KiwNa rhfpj; Rauh[;aj; jPTfs; vd

ngahplg;gl;ld. ,e;jpa murpd; jiyikafKk; uq;$Df;F khw;wg;gl;lJ.

,e;jpa Njrpa

gilapy; Rgh]; mzp> Mrhj; mzp> fhe;jp mzp vd gphpf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ. Rgh];

mzpapd; jiytuhf \h ehth]; fhd; gzpahw;wpdhh;. Ngd;fs; gilapy; Nfg;ldhf

jkpofj;ij Nrh;e;j ,yl;Rkp tpsq;fpdhh;. ,e;jpa Njrpag; gil ,e;jpahtpd; kPJ

gilnaLj;J kzpg;G+h; jiyefh; ,k;ghy; tiu te;jJ. gpd;dh; mJ Njhw;fbf;fg;gl;lJ.

1945

Mf];by; [g;ghd; Ner ehLfsplk; ruzila KbT nra;jJ. Mf];by; [g;ghd; Ner ehLfsplk; ruzila KbT

nra;jJ. ,jdhy; Nejh[p jdJ muirAk;> giliaAk; fiyj;J tpl;L `gpA+h; u`;khd;

vd;gtUld; 1945 Mf];L 28-y; ijthdpypUe;J tpkhdj;jpy;; Gwg;gl;lNghJ

tpgj;Jf;Fs;shfp fhykhdhh;. Nejh[papd; tho;Tk; nraYk; ,e;jpah;fspd; ,jaj;jpy;

ePq;fh ,lk; ngw;wJ.

Ner ehLfs;

ntw;wpahy; ruzile;j ,e;jpa Njrpag; giliar; nrh;e;j 25>000 tPuh;fs; kPJ

Mq;fpy muR ,uhZt tprhuiziaj; njhlh;e;jJ. ,jid vjph;j;J Gyhgha; njrha;>

rg;u> neU MfpNahh; nfhz;l KO tof;fhbaJ. Ehnlq;Fk; I.vd;.V. tPuh;fSf;F MjuT

ngUfpaJ. ,jdhy; Mq;fpy murk; tPuh;fSf;F toq;ftpUe;j jz;lidia iftpl;lJ.

46. uhay;

fg;gy; gil

Kk;igapy;

fg;gy; gilia Nrh;e;j tPuh;fs; jq;fSila chpikfis typAWj;jp 1946-y; Mq;fpy muRf;F

vjpuhf fyfk; nra;jdh;. gpd;dh; rh;jhh; ty;ygha; gNly; jiyapl;L mth;fis ruzila

itj;jhh;.

47.

mikr;riuj; J}Jf;FO – 1948

,e;jpa tptfhur; nrayh; ngjpf;yhud;R>

th;j;jf mikr;rh; rh; ];l/Nghh;L rphpg;]; flw;gil mikr;rh; mnyf;rhz;lh; MfpNahh;

mlq;fpa mflFO 1946 khh;r; 23 md;W ,e;jpah te;jJ. ,f;FOtpd; Kf;fpa Nehf;fk;

,e;jpah;fSf;F mjpfhuj;ij khw;wp nfhLg;gij Jhpjg;gLj;JtNj MFk;. ,th;fs; gy;NtW

jiyth;fSld; gyKiw Ngr;Rthh;j;ij elj;jp ghfp];jhd; gphptpidf; Nfhl;ghL Vw;Wf;

nfhs;s KbahJ vdf; fUjp xU jpl;lj;ij mwptpj;jJ. ,j;jpl;lj;jpd; Kf;fpa

ghpe;Jiufs;.

,e;jpaf; $l;lhl;rp (Union

of India) mikj;J mjpy; mjpfhukw;w kj;jpa

murk; mjpfhuq;fs; ngw;w khepy muRfSk; mikf;fg;gLk;.
Gjpa murpaiyikg;G

cUthf;f Xh; murapy; eph;za rig (Constituent Assembly) cUthf;fg;gLk;.
Njh;jy;fs; KbTw;wJk;

midj;j fl;rpapdUk; ,lk;ngWk; itfapy; ,ilf;fhy muR (Interim

Government) xd;W mikf;fg;gLk;.

gpsTglhj If;fpa ,e;jpahit mikf;f ,jpy;

njspthd jpl;lk; jPl;lg;gl;lJ. ,j;J}Jf;FO jpl;lj;jpd; jdpg;ngUk; rpwg;ghFk;.

,j;jpl;lj;ij fhq;fpuRk; K];yPk; yPf;Fk; Vw;Wf; nfhz;lJ.

48. Neub

eltbf;if ehs; - 1948 (Direct Action Day)

mikr;ruit J}Jf;FO jpl;lj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; Gjpa

murapy; rl;lk; tFf;f eilngw;w> murapy; eph;za rigf;fhd Njh;jypy; fhq;fpu];

khngUk; ntw;wp ngw;wJ. ,ijf; fz;L mjph;r;rp mile;j [pd;dh ,e;J Mjpf;fj;jpw;F

vjpuhf Neub eltb;fif ehshf 1940 Mf];l; 16 md;W filgpbf;FkhW jk; fl;rpapdUf;F

Mizapl;lhh;. ,jidj; njhlh;e;J Vw;gl;l tFg;Gf; fytuq;fs; fhuzkhf fy;fj;jhtpy;

kl;Lk; 10>000 Ngh; khz;ldh;. fytuk; etfhsp Nghd;w fpof;F tq;fhsj;Jf;Fk;

gutpaJ. ,jd; vjpnuhypahf gPfhhpy; Vuhskhd K];yPk;fs; ,e;Jf;fshy; gLnfhiy

nra;ag;gl;ldh;.

49.

,ilf;fhy murhq;fk; - 1946

1946-y; rkar; rz;ilfs; njhlh;e;J ele;J nfhz;bUe;j NghJk; Ntty;

gpuG ,ilf;fhy murhq;fj;jpw;F jiyik Vw;FkhW [t`h;yhy; NeUit mioj;jhh;. ,jd;gb

NeU jiyikapy; %d;W K];yPk;fs; cl;gl 12 Ngh; 1946 mrg;lk;gh; 2-k; ehs;

mikf;fg;gl;l ,ilf;fhy murhq;fj;jpy; gq;F ngw;wdh;. ,e;j ,ilf;fhy muirj;

jw;fhypf Njrpa murhq;fk; (Provisional National Government) vd;W gl;lhgp

rPj;jhuhika;ah mioj;jhh;.

50. nksz;l;Ngl;ld; jpl;lk; - 1947

·

1940 [{d; Kjy;

Njpf;Fs; Mq;fpy murhq;fk; ,e;jpahTf;F mjpfhu khw;wk; nra;ag; Nghtjhf Mq;fpNyag;

gpujkh; ml;yp mwptpj;jhh;.

·

Nksz;l;Ngl;ld;

gpuG gy;NtW jiyth;fSld; Ngr;R thh;j;ij elj;jp gphptpid jtph;f;f ,ayhjJ vd;w

fUj;ij tspapl;lhh;. Mdhy; fhe;jp[p gphptpidia Vw;Wf; nfhs;sj; jahuhf

,Uf;ftpy;iy.

·

gpd;dh;

tp.gp.BNkddpd; JizAld; jdJ jpl;lj;ijj; jahhpj;jhh;.

·

,j;jpl;lj;ij

Mjhpj;J Ngrpdh;.

51. ,e;jpa

tpLjiyr; rl;lk; - 1947

Nksd;l;Ngl;ld;

jpl;lj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; jahhpf;fg;gl;l ,e;jpa tpLjiy kNrhjh> gphpl;b\;

ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; 1947 [Piy 18-y; epiwNtw;wg;gl;lJ. ,jd;gb>

1.

,e;jpah>

ghfp];jhd; vd;w ,U nlhkpdpad;fs; 1947 Mf];L 15-y; cUthf;fg;gLk;.

2.

nul;fpspg; (Red

cliff) vd;gthpd; jiyikapd; fPo; epWtg;gl;l

vy;iyf; FO (Boundry Commission)

ghpe;Jiuapy; nlhkpdpad;fspd; vy;iyfs; cUthf;fg;gLk;.

3.

,U ehLfSk;

jdpj;jdpNa murapy; eph;za rigiag; ngw;Wj; jdpj;jdpNa $b murpayikg;ig mikf;f KO

mjpfhuk; jug;gLk;.

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